Legalization of Drugs Essay - 1494 Words

Legalization of Drugs Legalization of drugs has been a very controversial issue in the United States for many years. Drugs being legalized can have both advantages and disadvantages on society. On one hand, certain drugs, such as aspirin has long been used as a common medicine to many people, to cure diseases and help people with their personal problems such as headaches, toothaches, to name a few. Some people even take the drug daily as a therapy to lower the risk of heart attacks and strokes. On the other hand, legalization of all drugs could potentially lead to over use; putting the young generations at great risk due to their unawareness of the effects and damages some substances can cause. This issue becomes directly connected to the†¦show more content†¦I agree with Shapiro that the three components of addiction including drug, setting and set impact the nature of drug addiction. â€Å"Humans are social or cultural animals, not just products of their biochemistry, and this means, in part, that social norms or rules play a significant role in influencing behavior,† the author explains (Shapiro, 532). I think that if a person is in the environment that accepts drug use, that person will be more likely to use drugs by observing what is around and accepting it as a â€Å"norm.† Likewise, in the environment where people are using drugs in moderation and with limitation, that behavior will likely carry over in the individual. Shapiro explains why it is much harder to quit smoking than to stop using other drugs. He states that smokers smoke for a variety of different reasons such as to relax, handle anxiety and stress, and also as a social lubricant. Because smoking becomes intertwined with so many activities and situations, quitting smoking turns out to be a difficult change in a person’s life. That is why the pharmacology of smoking cannot be separated from its social setting. The same principle Shapiro applies to the addiction of cocaine or heroine. According to his view, the addictiveness of any drug depends on an aforementioned set, setting, and pharmacology. The highlyShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Drug Legalization1310 Words   |  6 Pages Drug decriminalization is opposed by the majority of Americans. Leaders in drug prevention, education, treatment, and law enforcement are against it, as are many political leaders. However, pro-drug advocacy groups, who support the use of drugs, are making headlines. They are influencing legislation and having a significant impact on the national policy debate in the United States. Although, pro-advocacy groups claim decriminalization of drugs will lower incarceration rates and boost the economyRead MoreDrug Legalization1579 Words   |  7 Pagesget their drug, being able to get drugs for which they re sure of the quality. Isn t it a gateway drug to harder substances? The effect of criminalization is to drive people from mild drugs to strong drugs... Crack would never have existed in my opinion if you had not had drug prohibition. It was drug prohibition- why was crack created? Because cocaine was so expensive. [Cocaine was so expensive  because of drug prohibition.] But what about the morality of legalization? It sRead MoreLegalization Of Drugs911 Words   |  4 Pages The legalization of illicit drugs has been a popular topic of debate. While there is often concern about the potential toxicity and the habits that may form, drugs are not necessarily the problem. In fact, the legalization of illicit drugs may be the answer to some of society’s problems. More drugs should be legalized because the drug is not the cause of the problem, our behavior is. Also, when compared to other substances that are legal we see the same social ills arise. If drugs were legalizedRead More Drug Legalization Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesDrug Legalization Drug legalization has become a great issue among Americans for many years, and there have also been those that try to stop that legalization. The article, â€Å"Legalizing Drugs is Not the Solution† by Gerald W. Lynch, has a good argument based on facts and incidents that have occurred from drug use. In this article a person thinks twice about what they are really doing when they use drugs, and it is clear as to why legalizing drugs would not be a logical solution As spokenRead MoreThe Benefits Of Drug Legalization853 Words   |  4 PagesIllicit Drugs Should Be Legalized Historically, legalization of drugs has been an ongoing debate for years. Drug legalization is a controversial issue in North America because of its potential effects on society. Permitting the use of drugs can undoubtedly have a significant impact on current socio-economic policies. It is essential to note that there are many benefits and consequences associated with legalizing drugs. However, the direct economic and social benefits of drug legalization clearlyRead MoreThe Legalization Of Hard Drugs1036 Words   |  5 PagesCase for the Legalization of Hard Drugs in the U.S. The issue of drug abuse is a sad reality in every community, and drug prohibition is present across the globe. Whether it is under the guise of protection of family values, or public safety, prohibition disrupts more than it maintains. Many people view drugs as a problem but they can also be viewed as a problem solver. This essay will address the socioeconomic issues with prohibition of hard drugs, and argue for their legalization. ProhibitionRead MoreDiscussing Drug Legalization1821 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Drugs are bad, mkay.† That’s what we’ve come to learn from Mr. Mackey in South Park (Ike’s Wee Wee). While that is known, what is the best way to combat drug use in society today? It is true the government is spending billions of dollars on the â€Å"War on Drugs,† but if they were to be legalized would that be replaced with money being spent on healthcare due to drug related incidents, or drug treatment programs? It is true that a large amount of crime and the prison population are drug related offendersRead MoreLegalization Of Ilicit Drugs1236 Words   |  5 PagesLegalization of Illicit Drugs The debate of the legalization of illicit drugs has been around for some time. It is a fairly wide spectrum, with two varying opinions. While one side argues that illicit drugs should be legal, the other side stick to the more conservative side of the spectrum and argues that illicit drugs should remain illegal and have no place in our modern society. This paper will attempt to side with the legalization of illicit drugs for various reasons. It will make the communityRead MoreLegalization of Drugs Essay1305 Words   |  6 Pages The current hot-topic debate about the legalization of marijuana for medical exposes the long lasting debate about the economic viability of prohibiting certain kind of drugs considered illicit. Many social costs to society are attributable to illicit drugs, along with tobacco, alcohol, and guns. In fact, each of these vices is allegedly responsible for $200 billion annual expenditure in social costs of the USA (Donohue, 2010). Interestingly, all these commo dities mentioned above have common characteristics:Read MoreAgainst The Legalization Of Drugs1671 Words   |  7 PagesAgainst the Legalization of Drugs Legalization of drugs is an increasingly hot topic in today’s society. It is one of that needs vast advancements in research and treatment for addicts to prevent the moral and legal obligations, as well as the severe health ramifications that come along with addiction of these powerful drugs. To legalize drugs would be detrimental to the family unit as well as our youth and have serious health consequences at an alarming rate. James Q. Wilson, author of, â€Å"Against

Writing Poetry Around The Age Of Twenty - 1257 Words

When I became â€Å"serious† about writing poetry around the age of fifteen, I thought it was only a matter of time before I was discovered for the genius I was. My example was Rimbaud, the visionary French poet, discovered in his teens, celebrated by the literati of his time, some of whom -- literally -- fell in love with him; one of them even shot him in a pique of passion. Rimbaud’s light burned bright, he took Paris by storm, seized his world and made it his oyster, set it on fire, and painted it red. Almost as quickly as he ascended, Rimbaud burned out. Fame and adulation wasn’t worth the price of his vision. He gave up poetry, left Paris, ran guns in Ethiopia, imported coffee, and became a legend. His works are still read today. Works of†¦show more content†¦I even had a â€Å"one-man show† in Lakewood, Ohio, in 1986 – albeit, in a booth I purchased at an art street fair. Preparing for that show killed my interest in painting, although I still have a handful of them. (Three of my paintings hang in our Brooklyn house because my wife and kids and an art framer friend thought them worthy.) There was an earth sculpture wherein I moved a pile of dirt from one location to another, an installation in a field behind a friends farmhouse made from discarded plumbing fixtures and farm machinery, and a performance art piece in a gallery in Cooperstown, NY, that featured a mime, Jacques Cousteau, and Harry Belafonte in a surrealistic dream-of-consciousness dialogue poem. If I wasn’t a genius, who was? By the end of the decade, I had a few poems in magazines, was part of the Hoboken poetry scene at Maxwell’s and Cafà © Elysian, and self-published several chapbooks of my poems under the l’etoiluna press. With a few friends, I started a writing group called the Decompositionalists – our work was decomposing rather than composing, like the society around us. (Deep, man.) The common denominator of the work I produced back then? It sucked. I was neither a genius nor a savant about to be discovered by a patron and rocketed to fame and fortune. I’d fooled myself into thinking I was what David Galenson calls a â€Å"conceptual innovator.† Would that I’dShow MoreRelatedSylvia Plath s Life And Life1209 Words   |  5 Pagesis also from one of her many poems, which were greatly influenced by her life. To learn how Plath’s life affected her writing, researchers studied main topics on her life and her works, including her early life, career, and literary works. To begin with, one of the topics that researchers studied was Plath’s early life and her family history, as events that occurred at an early age had a huge impact on the rest of her life. Sylvia Plath was eight and a half pounds when she was born on October 27,Read MoreEssay about John Keats: Amazing Poet and Hero1357 Words   |  6 Pagesdeath at the young age of twenty-five, Keatss poetry was scrutinized. If not for several profound occurrences in John Keats’s lifetime, and without the friendships that he made, he never would have been able to address the political issues at the time or find a way to release his feelings of heartbreak John Keats was born on October 31, 1795 on a small farm in London, England to Thomas and Frances Keats. He had a relatively stable early childhood, he lost his father at the age of eight when heRead MoreEssay on Kahlil Gibran941 Words   |  4 Pagesof Arabic speaking people, familiar with his writing consider him a genius of his age. However, his fame and influence was not limited to the Near East only, but far beyond these borders. His poetry has been translated into more than twenty languages. His drawings and paintings have been exhibited in the great capitals of the world and compared by Auguste Rodin to the work of William Blake. In the United States, which he made his home for the last twenty years of his life., he began to write in EnglishRead More Kahlil Gibran Essay912 Words   |  4 Pagesof Arabic speaking people, familiar with his writing consider him a genius of his age. However, his fame and influence was not limited to the Near East only, but far beyond these borders. His poetry has been translated into more than twenty languages. His drawings and paintings have been exhibited in the great capitals of the world and compared by Auguste Rodin to the work of William Blake. In the United States, which he made his home for the last twenty years of his life., he began to write in EnglishRead MoreJimmy Baca s Life And Destiny1174 Words   |  5 Pages Born in 1952 in Santa Fe of Chicano and Apache descent, Jimmy Santiago Baca was abandoned by his parents at the age of 13 years old, he got placed in an orphanage by his grandmother which he ran away from as soon as possible. He was convicted on drug charges in 1973 and has spent five years in prison. While he served prison he learned to read and began writing poetry. Jimmy Baca recaptures his life and his struggles in A Place to Stand. When Jimmy was young he saw his father go to jail, addictedRead More Poe and Morrison Transformed Jalopies into Hot Rods 1478 Words   |  6 Pagesout so cautiously by others or to forge a unique path and travel it fiercely with reckless abandon and ambition guided by extreme individuality. What is this perplexing, intangible thing we call the subconscious? And what role does it play in the writing process of a poet? In general, when given the task of defining the subconscious, the initial impulse is to provide an ordinary idea such as, â€Å"on e’s natural instinct that lies beneath the actively aware mind and its intentional thoughts†; however,Read MoreElizabeth Barrett Browning Essay1059 Words   |  5 Pagesearned their wealth from a sugar plantation in Jamaica (EXPLORING Poetry). When Elizabeth was â€Å"three years old, the family moved to Hope End in Herefordshire,, and she spent the next twenty-three years of her life in this minareted country house overlooking a lake† (Hayter). Since a young age Barrett Browning had shown significant amounts of interest in poetry and literature. By the age of four she had began reading and writing verse. â€Å"She was educated at home, and learned classic Greek, LatinRead MoreRecipe, By Janice Mirikitani And Mr. Z By M. Carl Holman1473 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Recipe† by Janice Mirikitani and â€Å"Mr.Z† by M. Carl Holman are two poems that were written twenty years apart. Even with the large year gap the two poems can be compared to one another. Poetry is the art words. Sometimes what the words say and other times how the words look on the page. Either way poetry is a beautiful thing that is greatly needed and beneficial for life. A major concept on the poetry world is the speaker. The speaker is basically the voice that the poem is supposed to be read inRead MoreCummings : The Childhood Home Of Edward Estlin Cummings1252 Words   |  6 Pageswhere he began writing, at the early age of three, with the a ssistance of his imagination and his mother, Rebecca Clarke. Rebecca encouraged young Edward to write verse and keep a journal, along with helping him record his thoughts until he was old enough to write himself. He grew up surrounded by many forms of nature, allowing his imagination to soar. His family supported him throughout his life and taught him the importance of independence and individuality. Every step of his writing process, includingRead MoreThe Life and Work of William Blake Essay601 Words   |  3 PagesCatherine Harmitage Blake (Britannica). Some say that the Blake’s were Swedenborgianism (Ward, Walter, 181). The second born out of six children, was Blake, his older brother’s name was James. In 1760 his brother John was born. In 1761 at the age of four he envisioned â€Å"Our Lord’s† Head in a window (Britannica). In 1762 his brother Richard was born, but passed away as a baby. Then in 1764 his sister and only girl were born. William was ten in 1767 when his brother, Robert

Jack Dempsey Essay Example For Students

Jack Dempsey Essay ##Jack DempseyJack Dempsey was born William Dempsey in 1895, Jack Dempsey was called the hardest puncher in the history of boxing. He started street fighting when he was 7, his power came from strong back and shoulder muscles, made from working in the copper mines and as a lumberjack. He turned pro at 19 and flattened all opposition. He was a dirty fighter, often hitting low, behind the head and after the bell. He was called the Manassa Mauler and he destroyed contender Fred Fulton in 18 seconds, then Carl Morris in 14 seconds. Sometimes he would win a fight in three men in one night. He knocked out Jess Willard in the third round to win the title in 1919, he had seven knockdowns in the first round alone. In 1921 he knocked out Georges Carpentier in the fourth round of what was called the battle of the century. In one of boxings wildest battles ever, he knocked Luis Angel Firpo in the second round. Dempsey was knocked down twice in the first round, and Firpo was knocked down seven times in the first, twice in the second. In 1926, he lost his title to Gene Tunney on a 10 round decision. The rematch ended the same way. Jack Dempsey retired, yet continued to box in exhibitions up to the age of 45. A lot of confusion is surrounding his career, since his brother also fought under the name Jack Dempsey, and Dempsey himself sometimes used the name Kid Blackie. His complete record stands at 64 wins, 6 defeats, 9 draws with 49 knockouts. he died in 1983 aged 87.Bibliographywww.yahoo.comSports and Games

Wireless Elecricity Essay Example

Wireless Elecricity Essay Niharika Sharma Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, [emailprotected] com Varun Pachauri Electronics and Communication Engineering, [emailprotected] com Wireless Electricity Abstract—The present paper intends to link several disciplines in an attempt to describe the concept of wireless electricity. Wireless transmission is useful in cases where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, unaffordable, expensive, hazardous, unwanted or impossible. A large part of the energy sent out by the generating plant must arrive at the receiver to make the system economical.Some common forms of wireless electricity transmission methods are Direct Induction followed by resonant magnetic induction, electromagnetic radiation  in the form of  microwaves  or  lasers. With this technology we can reduce power losses produced through wired lines. Different concepts and application of wireless power transmission are discussed in this paper. Introduction The definition of Wirele ss Power Transmission is: efficient transmission of electric power from one place to another through vacuum or an atmosphere without the use of wire or any other substance.Maxwells theory of electromagnetism, published in 1865 mentions electromagnetic waves moving at the speed of light, and the conclusion that light itself was just a wave. In 1886 H. Hertz performed an experiment with pulsed wireless energy transfer. . He produced an apparatus that generated and detected microwaves in the UHF region. Tesla also performed experiments in the field of pulsed wireless energy transfer in 1899. Teslas Magnifying Transmitter, an early type of Tesla Coil that measured 16 meters in diameter, could able to transmit tens of thousands of watts without wires.In present electricity generation system we waste more than half of its resources. The transmission of power without wires may be one idle alternative for electricity. Future suitable and largest application of the WPT via microwave is a Spa ce Solar Power Satellite. History of Wireless Electricity In 1864, James Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves by means of mathematical model. In 1884, John Poynting realized that the Poynting Vector would play an important role in quantifying the electromagnetic energy.In 1888, bolstered by Maxwells theory, Heinrich Hertz first succeeded in showing experimental prove of radio waves by his spark-gap radio transmitter. The prediction and prove of the radio wave in the end of 19th century was start of the wireless power. The Raytheon Company performed the first successful WPT experiment in 1963. In this experiment power was transmitted with a DC-to-DC efficiency of 13%. The Raytheon Company also demonstrated a microwave-powered helicopter in 1964. In 1975, Jet propulsion lab of NASA carried out an experiment and demonstrated the transfer of 30 kW over a distance of 1 mile.This test demonstrated the possibilities of wireless energy outside the laboratory. Rockwell Internationa l and David Sarnoff Laboratory operated in 1991 a microwave powered rover at 5. 87 GHz. Three kilowatts of energy was transmitted and 500 watts was received. In 1980s, Japanese scientists developed the MPT technologies and research. In 1983 and 1993, Matsumoto’s team carried out the first Microwave Power Transmission experiment in space. The rocket experiment was called Microwave Ionosphere Nonlinear Interaction experiment i. . MINIX in 1983 (Fig. 1) and International Space Year – Microwave Energy Transmission in Space in 1993, respectively. They focused nonlinear interaction in between intense microwave and plasmas. In this experiment, they used cooker-type 800W-2. 47GHz magnetron for microwave transmitter. New wave-wave-particle interaction phenomenon was observed in this experiment. Plasma theory and computer experiments also supported the observations. Figure 1. MINIX Rocket experiment in 1983 Technologies for Wireless ElectricityThe modern ideas are dominated by m icrowave power transmission called Solar power satellite to be built in high earth orbit to collect sunlight and convert that power into microwaves, then beamed to a very large antenna on earth, the microwaves would be converted into conventional electrical energy. A microwave transmission system consists of three essential parts: ? Electrical energy to microwave energy conversion ? Absorption antenna that collects the waves ? (Re)conversion to electrical energy Figure 2. Microwave transmitter and rectennaThe microwave source consists of a microwave oven magnetron with electronics to control the output energy. The output microwave energy ranges from 50 W to 200 W at 2. 45 GHz. A coaxial cable connects the output of the microwave source to coax-to-waveguide adapter. This adapter is connected to a waveguide ferrite circulator which protects the microwave source from reflected energy. The circulator is connected to a tuning waveguide to match the waveguide impedance to the antenna inpu t impedance. The slotted waveguide antenna consists of 8 wave guide sections with 8 slots per section.These 64 slots radiate the energy uniformly through free space to the rectenna. The slotted waveguide antenna is ideal for energy of its high aperture efficiency (;gt;95%) and high power handling capability. A rectifying antenna called a rectenna receives the transmitted energy and converts the microwave power to direct current (DC) power. This rectenna consists of 6 rows of dipoles antennas where 8 dipoles belong to each row. Every row is connected to a rectifying circuit which consists of low pass filters and a rectifier. The rectifier is a Ga As Schottky barrier diode i. . impedance matched to the dipoles by a low pass filter. The 6 rectifying diodes are connected to light bulbs for indicating that the energy is received. The light bulbs also dissipated the received energy. This rectenna has a 25% collection and conversion efficiency, but rectennas have been tested with more than 90% efficiency at 2. 45 GHz. Another possibility is to use highly efficient fibre lasers for wireless energy transmission where the possibilities are similar to microwaves concept but lasers emit energy at frequencies much higher than microwave.For several years NASA, ENTECH, and UAH have been working on various aspects of collection of the laser radiation and conversion to electrical energy for laser wireless energy transmission. Figure 3. Two optical forms of wireless antenna formed of search light beam-ionised atmospheric stream Applications of Wireless Electricity Wireless Power for Space Solar Satellites * The largest application for microwave power transmission is Space Solar Power satellites. In this application, solar energy is captured in space and converted into electricity.The electricity is converted into microwaves and transmitted to the earth. The microwave energy will be captured with antennas and converted into electricity. NASA is still investigating the possibilit ies of solar power satellites. Main problem is the high investment cost due to the space transport. The current rates on the Space Shuttle run between $7,000 and $11,000 per kg of transported material. * Table. 1-Parameters for transmiting antenna for sps system * Figure. 4. Space Solar Power Satellite Power Supply for Rural AreasWireless power can be an option for power supply to rural areas. In 1993, a project presented about wireless power supply in Alaska. Because of limited infrastructure, numbers of small rural communities in Alaska must provide their own electricity. These systems can be expensive or just not available. At the moment, the small communities produce their own power with mostly diesel engines. These produce so noise and pollution. Also the required fuel has to be transported over long distances. This results in an electricity price in excess of $40/kWh.In Alaska cable connections through water is no alternative because of ice. With the help of WPT, the required power production of the communities can be combined. It can reduce noise, pollution and transportation of fuel. WPT may be capable of transmitting electrical power to Alaska’s remote villages. To investigate these possibilities, a project was conducted named Alaska21†. System used for the project consisted of a 2. 46 GHz phased array design. The distances should be bridged are between 1 and 15 miles. Figure. 5. Alaska’21 * V.Merits of Wireless Electricity An electrical distribution system, based on this method would eliminate the need for the costly and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would also reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and rid the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers. There are areas of the world where the need for electrical energy exists, yet there is no method for delivering energy. Africa is in need of energy to run pumps to tap into the vast resources of water under the Sa hara Desert.Rural areas, such as those in China, require the electrical energy necessary to bring them into the 20th century and to equal standing with western nations. The wireless transmission will solve most of above problems. The electrical power can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance, so there will be no transmission and distribution loss. Figure 6. An office using wireless electricity Demerits of Wireless Electricity A common criticism of the wireless power system is regarding its possible biological effects.Calculating the circulating reactive power, it was found that the frequency is small and such a frequency is very biologically compatible. A general perception that microwaves are harmful has been a major obstacle for the acceptance of power transmission with microwaves. One major concern is that the long-term exposure to low levels of microwaves might be unsafe and even could cause cancer. Conclusion The transmission of energy without wi res is not a theory or a mere possibility, it is now a reality. The electrical power can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance.Many researchers have established in numerous observations and experiments qualitative and quantitative. It is clear that wireless power transmission systems in the range of 100 W to 100 kW to cannot compete with traditional systems just looking at the costs. At those places where economic competition is not the prime consideration, it can be an option. Microwave wireless energy transmission can supply energy to those places that are difficult to reach. Especially small communities in rural areas could be supplied with power using wireless power transmission.The problems of a possible lack of energy during the next fifty or hundred years could be solved by the Space Solar Power Station. The system would reduce the cost of electrical power used by the consumer and get rid of the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towe rs. It has negligible drawbacks like reactive power which was found insignificant and biologically compatible. References James O. McSpadden, â€Å" Wireless Power Transmission Demonstration†, Texas Aamp;M University, June, 1997. Elvina Finzi, Carlo Lombardi, and Leopold Summerer. A lunar IPWR: A pre-feasibility study. In IAC 2006, volume IAC-06- D2. 8. , Valencia, Spain, Oct. 2006. IAF. Thomas W. Benson, â€Å"Wireless transmission of power now possible†, News Letter, pp1118 – 9, March, 1920. Charych Arthur (Setauket, NY), â€Å"System and method for wireless electrical power transmission†, Patent No. 6,798,716, September 28, 2004. Joe T. Howell, et. al, â€Å"Advanced receiver / converter experiments for laser wireless power transmission†5th. Wireless transmission conference, pp 1-8, Garanda, Spain, 2004. Nikola Tesla, â€Å"The true wireless†, Electrical Experiment, May, 1919. Toby Grotz,† Wireless transmission of power†, Cour tesy of the Tesla BBS at 719 486-2775, August 28, 1990.Cheney, Margaret (1999), Tesla Master of Lightning. Health and safety issues for microwave power transmission, John M. Osepchuk, Solar energy Vol. 56, 1996 The results of NASA Fresh look at the feasibility of Space Solar Power, John C. Mankins, 1997. Nicola Tesla. The transmission of electrical energy without wires. Electrical World and Engineer, March 1905. Sang, L. C. K. , A. Celeste, and J-D. L. S. Luk, â€Å"A Point-to-Point Terrestrial Wireless Power Transportation Using an Injection-Locked Magnetron Array†, Proc. of Millennium Conference on Antennas amp; Propagation, 2000, p. 87 Tahir, I. , A. Dexter, and R. Carter, â€Å"Phase Locked magnetrons by use of their pushing characteristics†, Proc. of Sixth International Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC2005, 2005, pp. 65-68 Shinohara, N. , T. Mitani, and H. Matsumoto, â€Å"Development of Phase and Amplitude Controlled Magnetron†, Proc. of Sixth Internatio nal Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC2005, 2005,pp. 61-64 Shinohara, N. , H. Matsumoto, and K. Hashimoto, â€Å"Phase-Controlled Magnetron Developmentfor SPORTS : Space Power Radio Transmission System†, The Radio Science Bulletin, No. 310, Sep. 2004, pp. 9-35 Granatstein, V. L. , P. K. Parker, and C. M. Armstrong, â€Å"Scanning the Technology: Vacuum Electronics at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century,† Proc. IEEE, vol. 87, 1999, pp. 702–716 Heider, S. , â€Å"The Commercial Space TWTA Market Review and Trends†, Proc. of 1997 ESA Workshop, 1997, pp. 63-68 Sivan, L. , â€Å"Microwave Tube Transmitters – Microwave Technology Series 9-â€Å", Chapman amp; Hall, 1994 Matsumoto, H. , â€Å"Research on Solar Power Station and Microwave Power Transmission in Japan : Review and Perspectives†, IEEE Microwave Magazine, December 2002, pp. 36-45 Wireless Elecricity Essay Example Wireless Elecricity Essay Niharika Sharma Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, [emailprotected] com Varun Pachauri Electronics and Communication Engineering, [emailprotected] com Wireless Electricity Abstract—The present paper intends to link several disciplines in an attempt to describe the concept of wireless electricity. Wireless transmission is useful in cases where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, unaffordable, expensive, hazardous, unwanted or impossible. A large part of the energy sent out by the generating plant must arrive at the receiver to make the system economical.Some common forms of wireless electricity transmission methods are Direct Induction followed by resonant magnetic induction, electromagnetic radiation  in the form of  microwaves  or  lasers. With this technology we can reduce power losses produced through wired lines. Different concepts and application of wireless power transmission are discussed in this paper. Introduction The definition of Wirele ss Power Transmission is: efficient transmission of electric power from one place to another through vacuum or an atmosphere without the use of wire or any other substance.Maxwells theory of electromagnetism, published in 1865 mentions electromagnetic waves moving at the speed of light, and the conclusion that light itself was just a wave. In 1886 H. Hertz performed an experiment with pulsed wireless energy transfer. . He produced an apparatus that generated and detected microwaves in the UHF region. Tesla also performed experiments in the field of pulsed wireless energy transfer in 1899. Teslas Magnifying Transmitter, an early type of Tesla Coil that measured 16 meters in diameter, could able to transmit tens of thousands of watts without wires.In present electricity generation system we waste more than half of its resources. The transmission of power without wires may be one idle alternative for electricity. Future suitable and largest application of the WPT via microwave is a Spa ce Solar Power Satellite. History of Wireless Electricity In 1864, James Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves by means of mathematical model. In 1884, John Poynting realized that the Poynting Vector would play an important role in quantifying the electromagnetic energy.In 1888, bolstered by Maxwells theory, Heinrich Hertz first succeeded in showing experimental prove of radio waves by his spark-gap radio transmitter. The prediction and prove of the radio wave in the end of 19th century was start of the wireless power. The Raytheon Company performed the first successful WPT experiment in 1963. In this experiment power was transmitted with a DC-to-DC efficiency of 13%. The Raytheon Company also demonstrated a microwave-powered helicopter in 1964. In 1975, Jet propulsion lab of NASA carried out an experiment and demonstrated the transfer of 30 kW over a distance of 1 mile.This test demonstrated the possibilities of wireless energy outside the laboratory. Rockwell Internationa l and David Sarnoff Laboratory operated in 1991 a microwave powered rover at 5. 87 GHz. Three kilowatts of energy was transmitted and 500 watts was received. In 1980s, Japanese scientists developed the MPT technologies and research. In 1983 and 1993, Matsumoto’s team carried out the first Microwave Power Transmission experiment in space. The rocket experiment was called Microwave Ionosphere Nonlinear Interaction experiment i. . MINIX in 1983 (Fig. 1) and International Space Year – Microwave Energy Transmission in Space in 1993, respectively. They focused nonlinear interaction in between intense microwave and plasmas. In this experiment, they used cooker-type 800W-2. 47GHz magnetron for microwave transmitter. New wave-wave-particle interaction phenomenon was observed in this experiment. Plasma theory and computer experiments also supported the observations. Figure 1. MINIX Rocket experiment in 1983 Technologies for Wireless ElectricityThe modern ideas are dominated by m icrowave power transmission called Solar power satellite to be built in high earth orbit to collect sunlight and convert that power into microwaves, then beamed to a very large antenna on earth, the microwaves would be converted into conventional electrical energy. A microwave transmission system consists of three essential parts: ? Electrical energy to microwave energy conversion ? Absorption antenna that collects the waves ? (Re)conversion to electrical energy Figure 2. Microwave transmitter and rectennaThe microwave source consists of a microwave oven magnetron with electronics to control the output energy. The output microwave energy ranges from 50 W to 200 W at 2. 45 GHz. A coaxial cable connects the output of the microwave source to coax-to-waveguide adapter. This adapter is connected to a waveguide ferrite circulator which protects the microwave source from reflected energy. The circulator is connected to a tuning waveguide to match the waveguide impedance to the antenna inpu t impedance. The slotted waveguide antenna consists of 8 wave guide sections with 8 slots per section.These 64 slots radiate the energy uniformly through free space to the rectenna. The slotted waveguide antenna is ideal for energy of its high aperture efficiency (;gt;95%) and high power handling capability. A rectifying antenna called a rectenna receives the transmitted energy and converts the microwave power to direct current (DC) power. This rectenna consists of 6 rows of dipoles antennas where 8 dipoles belong to each row. Every row is connected to a rectifying circuit which consists of low pass filters and a rectifier. The rectifier is a Ga As Schottky barrier diode i. . impedance matched to the dipoles by a low pass filter. The 6 rectifying diodes are connected to light bulbs for indicating that the energy is received. The light bulbs also dissipated the received energy. This rectenna has a 25% collection and conversion efficiency, but rectennas have been tested with more than 90% efficiency at 2. 45 GHz. Another possibility is to use highly efficient fibre lasers for wireless energy transmission where the possibilities are similar to microwaves concept but lasers emit energy at frequencies much higher than microwave.For several years NASA, ENTECH, and UAH have been working on various aspects of collection of the laser radiation and conversion to electrical energy for laser wireless energy transmission. Figure 3. Two optical forms of wireless antenna formed of search light beam-ionised atmospheric stream Applications of Wireless Electricity Wireless Power for Space Solar Satellites * The largest application for microwave power transmission is Space Solar Power satellites. In this application, solar energy is captured in space and converted into electricity.The electricity is converted into microwaves and transmitted to the earth. The microwave energy will be captured with antennas and converted into electricity. NASA is still investigating the possibilit ies of solar power satellites. Main problem is the high investment cost due to the space transport. The current rates on the Space Shuttle run between $7,000 and $11,000 per kg of transported material. * Table. 1-Parameters for transmiting antenna for sps system * Figure. 4. Space Solar Power Satellite Power Supply for Rural AreasWireless power can be an option for power supply to rural areas. In 1993, a project presented about wireless power supply in Alaska. Because of limited infrastructure, numbers of small rural communities in Alaska must provide their own electricity. These systems can be expensive or just not available. At the moment, the small communities produce their own power with mostly diesel engines. These produce so noise and pollution. Also the required fuel has to be transported over long distances. This results in an electricity price in excess of $40/kWh.In Alaska cable connections through water is no alternative because of ice. With the help of WPT, the required power production of the communities can be combined. It can reduce noise, pollution and transportation of fuel. WPT may be capable of transmitting electrical power to Alaska’s remote villages. To investigate these possibilities, a project was conducted named Alaska21†. System used for the project consisted of a 2. 46 GHz phased array design. The distances should be bridged are between 1 and 15 miles. Figure. 5. Alaska’21 * V.Merits of Wireless Electricity An electrical distribution system, based on this method would eliminate the need for the costly and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would also reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and rid the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers. There are areas of the world where the need for electrical energy exists, yet there is no method for delivering energy. Africa is in need of energy to run pumps to tap into the vast resources of water under the Sa hara Desert.Rural areas, such as those in China, require the electrical energy necessary to bring them into the 20th century and to equal standing with western nations. The wireless transmission will solve most of above problems. The electrical power can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance, so there will be no transmission and distribution loss. Figure 6. An office using wireless electricity Demerits of Wireless Electricity A common criticism of the wireless power system is regarding its possible biological effects.Calculating the circulating reactive power, it was found that the frequency is small and such a frequency is very biologically compatible. A general perception that microwaves are harmful has been a major obstacle for the acceptance of power transmission with microwaves. One major concern is that the long-term exposure to low levels of microwaves might be unsafe and even could cause cancer. Conclusion The transmission of energy without wi res is not a theory or a mere possibility, it is now a reality. The electrical power can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance.Many researchers have established in numerous observations and experiments qualitative and quantitative. It is clear that wireless power transmission systems in the range of 100 W to 100 kW to cannot compete with traditional systems just looking at the costs. At those places where economic competition is not the prime consideration, it can be an option. Microwave wireless energy transmission can supply energy to those places that are difficult to reach. Especially small communities in rural areas could be supplied with power using wireless power transmission.The problems of a possible lack of energy during the next fifty or hundred years could be solved by the Space Solar Power Station. The system would reduce the cost of electrical power used by the consumer and get rid of the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towe rs. It has negligible drawbacks like reactive power which was found insignificant and biologically compatible. References James O. McSpadden, â€Å" Wireless Power Transmission Demonstration†, Texas Aamp;M University, June, 1997. Elvina Finzi, Carlo Lombardi, and Leopold Summerer. A lunar IPWR: A pre-feasibility study. In IAC 2006, volume IAC-06- D2. 8. , Valencia, Spain, Oct. 2006. IAF. Thomas W. Benson, â€Å"Wireless transmission of power now possible†, News Letter, pp1118 – 9, March, 1920. Charych Arthur (Setauket, NY), â€Å"System and method for wireless electrical power transmission†, Patent No. 6,798,716, September 28, 2004. Joe T. Howell, et. al, â€Å"Advanced receiver / converter experiments for laser wireless power transmission†5th. Wireless transmission conference, pp 1-8, Garanda, Spain, 2004. Nikola Tesla, â€Å"The true wireless†, Electrical Experiment, May, 1919. Toby Grotz,† Wireless transmission of power†, Cour tesy of the Tesla BBS at 719 486-2775, August 28, 1990.Cheney, Margaret (1999), Tesla Master of Lightning. Health and safety issues for microwave power transmission, John M. Osepchuk, Solar energy Vol. 56, 1996 The results of NASA Fresh look at the feasibility of Space Solar Power, John C. Mankins, 1997. Nicola Tesla. The transmission of electrical energy without wires. Electrical World and Engineer, March 1905. Sang, L. C. K. , A. Celeste, and J-D. L. S. Luk, â€Å"A Point-to-Point Terrestrial Wireless Power Transportation Using an Injection-Locked Magnetron Array†, Proc. of Millennium Conference on Antennas amp; Propagation, 2000, p. 87 Tahir, I. , A. Dexter, and R. Carter, â€Å"Phase Locked magnetrons by use of their pushing characteristics†, Proc. of Sixth International Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC2005, 2005, pp. 65-68 Shinohara, N. , T. Mitani, and H. Matsumoto, â€Å"Development of Phase and Amplitude Controlled Magnetron†, Proc. of Sixth Internatio nal Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC2005, 2005,pp. 61-64 Shinohara, N. , H. Matsumoto, and K. Hashimoto, â€Å"Phase-Controlled Magnetron Developmentfor SPORTS : Space Power Radio Transmission System†, The Radio Science Bulletin, No. 310, Sep. 2004, pp. 9-35 Granatstein, V. L. , P. K. Parker, and C. M. Armstrong, â€Å"Scanning the Technology: Vacuum Electronics at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century,† Proc. IEEE, vol. 87, 1999, pp. 702–716 Heider, S. , â€Å"The Commercial Space TWTA Market Review and Trends†, Proc. of 1997 ESA Workshop, 1997, pp. 63-68 Sivan, L. , â€Å"Microwave Tube Transmitters – Microwave Technology Series 9-â€Å", Chapman amp; Hall, 1994 Matsumoto, H. , â€Å"Research on Solar Power Station and Microwave Power Transmission in Japan : Review and Perspectives†, IEEE Microwave Magazine, December 2002, pp. 36-45

Free Essays on Religion In Public Schools

Religion In Public Schools In the past Religion was confined to the state now with religious freedom everything has changed or at least started to change. In order for religion to be in a private school now it is again trying to be in Public schools. People ask "why can't freedom to acknowledge god be enjoyed again by children in every schoolroom across this land?" In the past, a long time ago children always prayed before class started and before lunch. But things h ave changed, "in 1791 the separation of church and state" started. Although it was made clear about the separation of the two "as late as 1951 some twenty states permitted schools to begin the day by reading aloud a passage of the bible." Bu t that had to stop. People didn't have the same beliefs when it comes to religion, if a family absent even believe in god why should their child be forced to pray? On many different occasions questions similar to this one were brought up and complained about. That is what started it all real big. When complaining, arguing and fighting all started over the silent moment. In 1978 a few lawyers got together and considered a constitutional law. The original law said that public school teachers in gr ades 1-6 "shall announce that a period of silence, not to exceed one minute, shall be observed for meditation." This law did not work for long, because it still allowed oral prayer in public high schools. Later in 1981, the Alabama State Senator Donald G. Holmes successfully passed a bill that included all grades calling it "the moment of silence" this law said that "the teacher (was) to announce that the silent moment may be used for voluntary prayer." Although it would have to be si lent prayer. Even after this new law started the lawyers that were opposed to this were trying to say that students "do not have a right to pray in school" silently or otherwise because of growing impressions that affect their life. The si... Free Essays on Religion In Public Schools Free Essays on Religion In Public Schools Religion In Public Schools In the past Religion was confined to the state now with religious freedom everything has changed or at least started to change. In order for religion to be in a private school now it is again trying to be in Public schools. People ask "why can't freedom to acknowledge god be enjoyed again by children in every schoolroom across this land?" In the past, a long time ago children always prayed before class started and before lunch. But things h ave changed, "in 1791 the separation of church and state" started. Although it was made clear about the separation of the two "as late as 1951 some twenty states permitted schools to begin the day by reading aloud a passage of the bible." Bu t that had to stop. People didn't have the same beliefs when it comes to religion, if a family absent even believe in god why should their child be forced to pray? On many different occasions questions similar to this one were brought up and complained about. That is what started it all real big. When complaining, arguing and fighting all started over the silent moment. In 1978 a few lawyers got together and considered a constitutional law. The original law said that public school teachers in gr ades 1-6 "shall announce that a period of silence, not to exceed one minute, shall be observed for meditation." This law did not work for long, because it still allowed oral prayer in public high schools. Later in 1981, the Alabama State Senator Donald G. Holmes successfully passed a bill that included all grades calling it "the moment of silence" this law said that "the teacher (was) to announce that the silent moment may be used for voluntary prayer." Although it would have to be si lent prayer. Even after this new law started the lawyers that were opposed to this were trying to say that students "do not have a right to pray in school" silently or otherwise because of growing impressions that affect their life. The si...

Learn About Photosynthesis Formula

Learn About Photosynthesis Formula Some organisms need to create the energy they need to survive. These organisms are capable of absorbing energy from sunlight and using it to produce sugar and other organic compounds such as lipids and proteins. The sugars are then used to provide energy for the organism. This process, called photosynthesis, is used by photosynthetic organisms including plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Photosynthesis Equation In photosynthesis, solar energy is converted to chemical energy. The chemical energy is stored in the form of glucose (sugar). Carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight are used to produce glucose, oxygen, and water. The chemical equation for this process is: 6CO2 12H2O light → C6H12O6 6O2 6H2O Six molecules of carbon dioxide (6CO2) and twelve molecules of water (12H2O) are consumed in the process, while glucose (C6H12O6), six molecules of oxygen (6O2), and six molecules of water (6H2O) are produced. This equation may be simplified as: 6CO2 6H2O light → C6H12O6 6O2. Photosynthesis in Plants In plants, photosynthesis occurs mainly within the leaves. Since photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight, all of these substances must be obtained by or transported to the leaves. Carbon dioxide is obtained through tiny pores in plant leaves called stomata. Oxygen is also released through the stomata. Water is obtained by the plant through the roots and delivered to the leaves through vascular plant tissue systems. Sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll, a green pigment located in plant cell structures called chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain several structures, each having specific functions: Outer and inner membranes- protective coverings that keep chloroplast structures enclosed.Stroma- dense fluid within the chloroplast. The site of conversion of carbon dioxide to sugar.Thylakoid- flattened sac-like membrane structures. The site of conversion of light energy to chemical energy.Grana- densely layered stacks of thylakoid sacs. Sites of conversion of light energy to chemical energy.Chlorophyll- a green pigment within the chloroplast. Absorbs light energy. Stages of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. These stages are called the light reactions and the dark reactions. The light reactions take place in the presence of light. The dark reactions do not require direct light, however dark reactions in most plants occur during the day. Light reactions occur mostly in the thylakoid stacks of the grana. Here, sunlight is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP (free energy containing molecule) and NADPH (high energy electron carrying molecule). Chlorophyll absorbs light energy and starts a chain of steps that result in the production of ATP, NADPH, and oxygen (through the splitting of water). Oxygen is released through the stomata. Both ATP and NADPH are used in the dark reactions to produce sugar. Dark reactions occur in the stroma. Carbon dioxide is converted to sugar using ATP and NADPH. This process is known as carbon fixation or the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle has three main stages: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. In carbon fixation, carbon dioxide is combined with a 5-carbon sugar [ribulose1,5-biphosphate (RuBP)] creating a 6-carbon sugar. In the reduction stage, ATP and NADPH produced in the light reaction stage are used to convert the 6-carbon sugar into two molecules of a 3-carbon carbohydrate, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is used to make glucose and fructose. These two molecules (glucose and fructose) combine to make sucrose or sugar. In the regeneration stage, some molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate are combined with ATP and are converted back into the 5-carbon sugar RuBP. With the cycle complete, RuBP is available to be combined with carbon dioxide to begin the cycle over again. Photosynthesis Summary In summary, photosynthesis is a process in which light energy is converted to chemical energy and used to produce organic compounds. In plants, photosynthesis typically occurs within the chloroplasts located in plant leaves. Photosynthesis consists of two stages, the light reactions, and the dark reactions. The light reactions convert light into energy (ATP and NADHP) and the dark reactions use the energy and carbon dioxide to produce sugar. For a review of photosynthesis, take the Photosynthesis Quiz.

Changing the Surname of Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Changing the Surname of Children - Essay Example Families believed that changing a child's surname is important to obtain proper financial support for the child from the father and as a confirmation to the child that he or she is genuinely and securely part of a family therefore can demand vested rights from his or her parents. Relevantly important is that in knowing the father of the child, it can help provide medical information which can help answer questions about the health of the child and his or her characteristics as he or she grows up. Proper medical information about a child is important so that she will be given the proper medical treatment in a hospital in cases she got sick or suffered a disease, or a clear explanation about the traits he or she possesses. An example of a disease or trait where medical information about the child is important is the sickle cell disease and the sickle cell trait. Under the British laws, changing the surname of a child should be in consonance with the provisions of the Children Act 1989 and the Family Law Reform Act 1987. These laws, particularly the Children Act, provide that in order to win this case, the Court should be persuaded that the change of surname is in the "best interest of the child", that is, for the welfare of the subject. Any person who may seek the change of a child's surname should seek a leave of Court is so doing. The persons who can seek the change of a child's surname are those having parental responsibility including the biological father. "Parental responsibility" shall mean all the rights, duties, powers, responsibilities and authority which by law a parent of a child have in relation to the child and his property (Children Act 1989, sec. 3, par. 1). In this case, since Mr. Smith was granted parental responsibility over his children, he has the right to ask the Court to change the surname of his children to his surna me. When confronted with a petition to change a child's surname, the Court is reminded that any delay in determining the questions is likely to prejudice the welfare of the child (Children Act 1989, sec. 1, par.2). In determining whether to grant the said petition, the Court should consider the following: a) the ascertainable wishes and feelings of the child concerned (considered in the light of his age and understanding); b) his physical, emotional, and educational needs; c) the likely effect on him of any change in his circumstances; d) his age, sex, background, and any characteristics of which the court considers relevant; e) any harm which he has suffered or is at risk of suffering; f) how capable each of his parents and any other person in relation to whom the court considers the question to be relevant is of meeting his needs; g) the range of powers available to the court under this Act in the proceedings in question. The Court should also consider the welfare report or contact reports of the parent involved. In the case of Mr. Smith's, considering the requirements set by law and of the evidences at hand of the petitioner, the petition of Mr. Smith to change the surname of his children should be granted by the court for the following reasons: 1) The result of the paternity test revealed that Mr. Smith is the father of the children. 2) Mr. Smith is in the better position to take care of the children. He can best provide for the needs of the children. Contact

EliteClean International Logistics Strategies Essay

EliteClean International Logistics Strategies - Essay Example These techniques are used to detect areas of non-value adding processes otherwise defined as waste so that the necessary steps can be taken to eliminate them. One of these techniques is value stream mapping. Value stream mapping According to Mangier (2003) value stream mapping is a technique of creating a â€Å"one-page picture† of all the processes that take place in a company. This is the process from the time a customer places an order for a product until the customer has received the product at their location. The aim of value stream mapping is to illustrate the flow of material and information across and throughout all the processes that add value from the stage of production to shipment to the customer. Value stream maps documents both value-adding and non-value-adding processes from production to shipment. In creating the value stream map business and manufacturing waste can be easily identified and thus becomes the basis on which improvements can be made to the company ’s operations. Mangier (2003) indicates that there are four steps involved in value stream mapping. They are i. Defining the product or product family; ii. Creating the â€Å"current state† value stream mapping (CSV); iii. ...   The dishwasher line is manufactured in South Korea; the laundry product line in China; and the range cookers in Thailand. The value stream map for EliteClean is shown below. Figure 1 – Current State Value Stream Map In Figure 1 above a number of activities leading to the production of items are duplicated. There are several persons carrying out procurement activities. Instead of the head office obtaining information on materials required for production, the factories are allowed to do their own procurement. This procurement is carried out by the factory manager in the case of laundry and the chief production engineer who may delegate it to a production manager at the other factories. There are several trucks of raw material going to the three different factories. Some of these trucks carry similar items which are purchased separately by the three different factories. Elite Clean has employed a push-based supply chain strategy. The factories which are located in South Korea , China and Thailand produce items without any knowledge of demand and ship them to the regional distribution centers (RDCs). These distribution centers are located in Birmingham in the UK, Jordan in the Middle East and Chicago in the USA. There is a capacity problem at the RDCs due to the fact that there are too many inventory items in stores. There is some concern that some of these items may become obsolete. There is a cost involved in holding inventory. Additionally, when the storage facilities are too packed there will be a problem moving out inventory on a first-in-first-out basis. Items are not transported to the distribution centers based on demand.

Owens Dulce et Decorum Est Essay Example for Free

Owens Dulce et Decorum Est Essay Writing in a similar style to Owens Dulce et Decorum Est, Siegfried Sassoon also decided to attack figures of authority and those with no direct experience of trench warfare via Base Details. Base Details is entirely speculative. The word base in the title has two distinct meanings. It could be used as a noun, to mean place, as in a centre of operation; or you could interpret the word as an adjective meaning morally low or unacceptable. Sassoon has used play on words in the title so that the reader may more adequately perceive the irony and sarcasm expressed in this poem. The adjectives used in the first two lines of Base Details reflect the authors perception of his superiors: If I were fierce, and bald, and short of breath, Id live with Scarlet Majors at the Base, The first line indicates that Sassoon is contemptuous of these officers. He has classed the Majors as unpleasant stereotypes, to be criticised and jeered at. In the following line, the word scarlet has a double meaning. On face value, it could be taken to mean that the officers have bright red cheeks. However, Sassoon has used the word as a metaphor, meaning that the Majors have been metaphorically splattered with the blood of the young men they had sent to the front line to die. The stanza continues: And speed glum heroes up the line to death. Here, speed indicates haste. The Majors are unnecessarily rushing soldiers to their deaths. The soldiers are referred to as glum heroes because that is exactly what they are. Their country is expecting them to be noble, intrepid and courageous. Instead they are despondent because they know that as soon as they are out of the trenches their grisly demise could come about at any second. All the hope, joy and energy that is a part of youth has vanished from these men. Sassoon then regales us with further speculation thus: Youd see me with my puffy petulant face Guzzling and gulping in the best hotel, The first thing we notice about these two lines is that Sassoon has used alliteration in order to make more of an impact on the reader, and to vary his writing style. Also worth noting is the fact that Sassoon uses rhyme throughout Base Details to good and memorable effect. Saying that the Majors are puffy and petulant indicates incredulity on Sassoons part, similar to that conveyed in the first lines of the poem. The phrase guzzling and gulping indicates greed, and animal-like actions. The Majors are inhuman. Then, we are told that the Majors stay in the best hotel. This brings home the stark contrast between the lives of the soldiers in the vermin-infested trenches, and the sedentary lives of their superiors. Sassoon continues: Reading the Roll of Honour. Poor young chap, Id say. I used to know his father well: Yes, weve lost heavily in this last scrap. The Roll of Honour referred to here was an official list of those who died in the war. The Majors words regarding one of the deceased are not at all heartfelt. They are meaningless, detached and emotionally void. He is unconcerned and he has placed himself above feelings of pity for those lost and their families. Each new death is just another name on the register and another letter to be dispatched. In the last line of the stanza, the Major refers to trench warfare as a scrap or game, which is identical to Jessie Popes view of war. This is a direct reflection of how little the Major knows about the fighting going on outside his quarters; and similarly, how unequipped he is for his job of directing troops. Base Details closes with the following: And when the war is done and youth stone dead, Id toddle safely home and die in bed. By using the words stone dead to describe the deceased soldiers, Sassoon makes a brutal and graphic impression on the reader. It is a cold and unfeeling phrase, and seems to render those who died as useless and unimportant. The Major wishes to die peacefully, and in bed unlike those he sends out to the front. The Major considers himself superior in all aspects, even in death. Base Details attempted to show the ignorant public back in Britain the hypocritical attitudes of many of these Majors; and how soldiers in the trenches were being treated in comparison to those who had obtained top jobs merely on the basis of their public schooling. Whilst Base Details depicts the life of a typical Major serving during World War One, another of Sassoons poems, The Hero, depicts the sequence of events on the home front following the death of a soldier. The poem Base Details by Siegfried Sassoon is a sarcastic attack against the army generals who view the war as a game similar to checkers. It is therefore evidence of why Siegfried Sassoon is known as the voice of protest. The first noticeable thing about the text is the title. The word base is a pun for the fact that base means headquarters as well as dishonourable or cowardly, which implies that he will talk about the dishonourable activities at the Army headquarters. Secondly, Sassoon appeared to have blamed the officers for the purposeless deaths of his fellow men, while they were behind the front line and had no idea what it was like. Sassoon uses many adjectives to describe his generalisation of those at the top fat and bald and short of breath which shows the hatred that he has. In this poem, Sassoon writes poor young chapI used to know his father well. This statement alone is typical of an army general. To show the fact that army generals can not comprehend what war is like he uses the phrase we lost heavily in this last scrap. The army generals are calling this a scrap like its a fight between boys at school. Sassoon calls the army generals Finally, Sassoon rounds the poem of with a phrase by reinforcing that they are unfit and fat. He also shows that those at the front line could die any moment by saying When the war is done and youth stone dead, Id toddle safely home and die, in bed which is a good ending because it says that the generals will die in a nice warm peaceful place, while the soldiers will die among the rats. Sassoons feelings towards the officers are best described in the poem Base Details. In this poem, Sassoon shows his resentment towards the officers by describing them drinking in the best hotels, and reading the names of those who died, saying poor young chap I used to know his father well and saying yes, weve lost heavily in this last scrap. The poem is finished with the lines and when the war is done and youth stone dead, Id toddle safely home and die in bed This poem truly shows the bitterness and resentment Sassoon felt towards the officers. He felt that they didnt really care about those who died, because they were safe themselves and had no idea of what was going on at the front line calling the battle that was fought a scrap, like it was nothing more than a small fight. In the last two lines of the poem, Sassoons feelings are clearer than ever, the way he says that theyll toddle home and then die in bed shows that he thought that the officers were safe and living comfortably while the soldiers, who were actually fighting the war, were living in shocking conditions, where they would die at any moment. Sassoon uses many different ways to convey his feelings, and particularly his bitterness and resentment towards the war and the officers, but in all his poems, his true meanings are clear and he writes in such a way that shows us clearly what he thinks and feels about the war. BASE DETAILS ESSAY In the poem, Base Details, SiegFried Sassoon expresses his great disgust towards the majors in the military. He is horrified and appalled at the way the majors act while men are dying out in the battle field. Mr. Sassoon is so furious towards the majors that it takes more than just one word to describe how indignified Sassoon is. These great feelings of anger are derived from the fact that the majors are living a life of luxury while sending young men up the line out into the battle field. This is all suggested in the title of the poem with the word base suggesting a military base, and/or a base person. And the word details suggesting a command, an assignment, and something or someone lowly. Base Details is a poem which expresses the feelings of the author towards military majors using differentiable types of imagery. The poem begins by Sassoon describing the majors as demanding, mean, and belligerent men. Bald, out-of-shape and full of gluttony. Sassoon categorizes the majors under the word scarlet signifying childless, bright redness from excessive drinking and yelling of anger. Sassoon presents to us the fact of the majors sending up the young men as soon as they are drafted up the line to death. This attitude taken from the majors is what angers Sassoon to the point of hatred. To convince the reader of such horrific truth, Sassoon describes how disrespectful the majors are with their puffy petulant faces from eating and drinking excessively. Sassoon states how the majors are stuffing their faces and Reading the Roll of Honor in safe luxurious hotels while men are dying out on the field

Free Essays on Kafkas Metamorphosis: A Response to Kafka :: Metamorphosis essays

   Gregor had alienated himself long before his metamorphosis into a beetle. His obsession with his job had dehumanized him, made him less personal and more mechanical. While on business trips, he began to lock his doors at night in the hotels. He carried this action back to his homelife. His family did not know him anymore partially because they took him for granted for making their money for them and partially because that was simply how he wanted in to be. Gregor's metamorphosis into a beetle only allowed his family and himself to consciously alienate him from society and the world.    As someone said to meI can't remember who it was-it is really remarkable that when you wake up in the morning you nearly always find everything in exactly the same place as the night before. For when asleep and dreaming you are, apparently at least, in as essentially different state from that of wakefulness; and therefore, as that man truly said, it requires enormous, presence of mind or rather quickness of wit, when opening your eyes to seize hold as it were of everything in the room at exactly the same place where you had let it go on the previous evening. That was why, he said, the moment of waking up was the riskiest moment of the say. Once that was well over without deflecting you from your orbit, you could take heart of grace for the rest of your day.    Gregor woke up one morning to find himself turned from a human being to a beetle. People found that to be extremely hard to grasp. Many felt as though Gregor should have been more shocked at this change, or at least less understanding towards it. But really, why should he? The only part about being a beetle that seemed to truly negatively shock Gregor was that he could no longer attend to his job at the office. Gregor's family life did not change drastically. His loss of relation with his family was nothing very new, there was a lacking of personal connection with his parents for quite awhile before hand. His parents treated him as a form of hired help since he had taken the job to pay for his

Microbiology Study Guide Unit 2

Define metabolism: The sum of all biological chemical reactions inside a cell or organism Differences in catabolism and anabolism: Catabolism is an enzyme-regulated chemical reaction that releases energy. Complex organic compounds such as glucose, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids are broken down into simpler ones. The energy of catabolic reactions is used to drive the anabolic reactions. Anabolism is also enzyme regulated but requires energy for taking the simpler broken down components from the catabolism phase and building them into complex molecules such as starch, proteins and lipids What is the role of ATP?ATP is the driving force for catabolic and anabolic reactions. ATP stores energy that is produced from the catabolic reactions which is later released to drive the anabolic reaction and other cellular work. ATP is stored energy in cells (phosphate groups held together by high energy reacting bonds) ATP is required for synthesis and some of the energy is given off as heat What are enzymes and their components? Enzymes are biological catalysts (substances that speed up a chemical reaction without themselves being permanently altered) Components:Apoenzyme is the protein portion of an enzyme. Inactive by themselves, must be activated by cofactors Cofactor- non protein portion (IE: ions of iron, zinc, magnesium and calcium) ****If the cofactor is an organic molecule, it is called a coenzyme Holoenzyme- The apoenzyme+cofactor forms the holoenzyme. It is the active enzyme. If you remove the cofactor, the apoenzyme will not function. **Cofactors may assist the enzyme by accepting atoms removed from the substrate or by donating atoms required by the substrate. Substrate=the specific substance that an enzyme will act on) **The crucial function of enzymes is to speed up biochemical reactions at temperatures that are compatible with the normal functioning of the cell. What are metabolic pathways? The sequence of enzyme catalyzed chemical reactions within a cell . What is the Kreb’s cycle? A pathway that converts two-carbon compounds to CO2, transferring electrons to NAD+ and other carriers; also called tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or citric acid cycle A series of biochemical reactions in which a large amount of potential chemical energy stored in acetyl CoA is released step by step.In the cycle, a series of oxidations and reductions transfer that potential energy in the form of electrons to electron carrier coenzymes (mostly NAD+). The pyruvic acid derivatives are oxidized and the coenzymes are produced. Kreb’s cycle is for lipid catabolism. Glycerol is converted into dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and catabolized via glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle. Fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation, in which carbon fragments are spit off two at a time to form acetyl CoA which is catabolized by Kreb’s cycle.What is glycolysis? **Glycolysis creates to ATP molecules The main pathway for oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid: Glycolysis is usually the first stage in carbohydrate catabolism. This occurs from the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid. Most microorganisms use this pathway and it occurs in most living cells. The term â€Å"glycolysis† means the splitting of sugar. The sugars are oxidized, release energy and then their atoms are rearranged to form 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. **Glycolysis does not require oxygen!Explanation of cellular respiration: Cellular respiration takes place after the glucose is broken down in pyruvic acid which is then channeled into the next step of either fermentation or cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is defined as the ATP-generating process in which most molecules are oxidized and the final electron acceptor is (almost always) an inorganic molecule. **operates via an electron transport chain * Aerobic respiration the final electron acceptor is O2 Anaerobic respiration the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than O2 What is an el ectron transport chain and why is it important? It is a system in which electrons pass through a series of different electron carriers to molecules or oxygen or other oxidized inorganic and organic molecules. The process occurs in the plasma membrane of the prokaryotes and in the mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes. What is microbial growth? It is the growth in numbers of populations or an increase in the number of cellsWhat are three physical requirements of microbial growth? PH, temperature and moisture Define psychotrophs: Are cold loving microbes, will usually be found growing in the refrigerator such as listeria (20-25oC) How does PH affect growth? Certain bacteria thrive in a specific PH environment. Acidophiles like a PH of 5. 4 or below whereas Neutrophiles (most human pathogens) prefer a more neutral environment (5. 5-7. 5 PH) Define halophiles: Extreme halophiles (obligate halophiles) are microbes that require a high salt concentration that is required for growth.Facculta tive halophiles (most common) are microbes that do not require high salt concentrations for growth but can tolerate high salt solutions. How does osmotic pressure effect microbial growth? Microorganisms obtain most of all their nutrients in solutions surrounding water; therefore water is required for growth. They are composed of 80-90% water. High osmotic pressures have the effect of removing vital water from a cell. If a microbe is in a solution in which the concentration of solutes is higher than in the cell, the microbe is in a hypertonic environment which will create pressure on the cell.It will crush the cell causing the cells water to push out through the plasma membrane into the high solute concentration. What are some chemical requirements for microbes? Carbon- one of the most important for microbes next to water because it is the structural backbone Nitrogen- it is required for protein synthesis (requires some sulfur), also needed for DNA or RNA synthesis (needs some phosph orous) Vitamins and minerals- needed for essential function of enzymes, usually as co-factors. What are some organic growth factors?Essential organic compounds an organism is unable to synthesize are known as organic growth factors. They must be directly obtained by the environment. One group of organic growth factors is vitamins for human. What is a media? A media is a nutrient prepared for the growth of microorganisms. In the lab we use nutrient broths and nutrient agars. What are canophiles? Canophiles (aerobic bacteria) are microbes that grow better at high CO2 concentrations. Low oxygen high CO2 conditions resemble those found in the intestinal tract, digestive tract and other body tissues where pathogens grow.Why is a selective media desireable? Because a selective media will suppress the growth of unwanted bacteria while encouraging the growth of the desired microbes. How do prokaryotes reproduce? Reproduce by binary fission (most common) while others may go through a â€Å" budding† process 2 Categories used to control microbes (physical and chemical) Physical: Heat (dry heat such as flame or in hot ovens) heat will denature the protein causing the proteins shape to change making it no longer usable by the organism.Or (moist heat) such as with an autoclave which will force steam inside of the organism very quickly and cause it to break down Chemical: surfactants such as soaps which will work as a binding agen to the microorganism causing it to break off and be rinsed off or phenols which will disrupt the cell membrane or denature the protein therefore disrupting protein synthesis What are physical methods to control microbes? * Heat (dry and moist heat) * Cold * Radiation * Membrane filtration * Drying * Osmotic pressure What are the most common and effective ways of controlling microbes?An autoclave machine that utilizes heat, steam and pressure to kill microbes and their endospores in about 15 minutes (prions are not killed) Is it more effectiv e to control or kill microbes? It is more effective to control the microbes because we can study live bacteria, but not if they are dead Why would we want to control microbial growth? Controlling microbes can prevent infections and food spoilage Compare and contrast chromosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: Prokaryotes have 1 chromosome (only one allele)Eukaryotes have 2 chromosomes (2 alleles) DNA is not always the genetic material. What are the exceptions? How could mutations give rise to new alleles of a gene? How does translation differ from transcription? Transcription in the synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template Translation is the protein synthesis that involves decoding of nucleic acid and converting the information into the language of the proteins What are the differences between the leading and lagging strand?Leading strand gets replicated sequentially and gets filled first. The lagging is the strand that gets replicated sporadically based off of what is left. What are three types of RNA and what do they do? Messenger RNA (mRNA): carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Transfer RNA (tRNA): transfers the necessary sequence by carrying the code. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): helps in synthesis of proteins. Explain mutations: A mutation is the change in the base sequence of DNA. Some mutations are bad such as when the gene for an enzyme mutates.The enzyme encoded by the gene may become inactive or less active because its amino acid sequence has changed. But a mutation can also be beneficial such as when an altered enzyme encoded by the mutant gene suddenly has new or enhanced activity that will benefit the cell. List and discuss common mutagens: Define genetic engineering: Manufacturing and manipulating genetic material in vitro also called recombinant DNA (rDNA ) What is recombinant DNA? A DNA molecule produced by combining DNA from two different sources. Exchange of genes between two DNA molecules) **Contribute s to a populations genetic diversity (source of variation in evolution) What are three processes involved in making recombinant DNA? Transformation in Bacteria Conjugation in bacteria Transduction in bacteria What is a restriction enzyme? An enzyme that cuts double stranded DNA at specific sites between nucleotides Pg. 249 What is conjugation? The transfer of genetic material from one to another involving cell to cell contact What is a plasmid? A small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome

Maoist Attack and Demand for Telangana State Essay

Telangana is a region in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. It has borders with states of Maharashtra on the north and north-west, Karnataka on the west, Chattisgarh on the north-east, Orissa and Coastal Andhra region on the east and Rayalseema region of Andhra Pradesh on the south. This region has an area of 1,14,840 square kilometres and a population of 3,52,86,757 which is 41. 6% of Andhra Pradesh state population. The Telangana region has 10 districts: Adilabad, Hyderabad, Khamam, Karimnagar, Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad, Rangareddy and Warangal. The Krishna and Godavari rivers flow through the region from west to east. The Telangana movement refers to a group of related political activities organized to support the creation of a new state of Telangana, from the existing state of Andhra Pradesh in south India. The Telangana Movement The movement to create Telangana has been continuing from 1952 onwards. In February 2009 the in February 2009 the state government declared that it had no objection, in principle, to the formation of separate Telangana and that the time had come to move forward decisively on this issue. To resolve related issues, the government constituted a joint house committee. In the lead-up to the 2009 General Elections in India, all the major parties in Andhra Pradesh supported the formation of Telangana. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) again announced that they would create two more states, Telangana and Gorkhaland, if they won the election. The Congress Party said it was committed to Telangana statehood, but claimed that Muslim minorities were opposed to the creation of separate state, along with the majority of the people. The MIM party and Muslim leaders within Congress felt that the new state would jeopardize the interests of minorities, the safety and welfare of Muslims, and the future of the Urdu language. The Telugu Desam Party promised to work for Telangana statehood. Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) joined a Mahakutami (â€Å"grand alliance†) with the TDP and other parties to defeat the Congress party for denying statehood. The Praja Rajyam Party (PRP), founded in August 2008 by film star Chiranjeevi, pledged support to Telangana statehood if it becomes inevitable. The Nava Telangana Praja Party announced that it would merge with PRP after it concluded that there was not enough political space for two sub-regional Telangana parties that had Telananga statehood as their main agenda, Devender Goud later quit PRP and returned to the Telugu Desam Party. In the 2009 elections, Congress returned to power both at the center and state. It won 154 out of 294 Assembly seats and 33 out of 42 Parliament seats. Within Telangana, Congress won 50 out of 119 Assembly seats and 12 out of 17 Parliament seats. On 29 November 2009 TRS president K. Chandrashekar Rao (KCR) started a fast-unto-death, demanding that the Congress party introduce a Telangana bill in Parliament. He was arrested by the government of Andhra Pradesh. Student organizations, employee unions, and various organizations joined the movement. General strikes shut down Telangana on 6 and 7 December. Student organizations planned a massive rally at the state Assembly on 10 December. The government warned that the rally did not have permission and deployed police troops throughout Telangana. The apparent decline in KCR’s health led to a sense of urgency to the issue. The Communist Party of India (Maoist) is a Maoist terrorist organization in India which aims to overthrow the government of India through violent means. It was founded on 21 September 2004, through the merger of the People’s War, and the Maoist Communist Centre (MCC). The merger was announced to the public on October 14 the same year. In the merger a provisional central committee was constituted, with the erstwhile People’s War Group leader Muppala Lakshmana Rao alias Ganapathi as General Secretary. The CPI (Maoist) are often referred to as Naxalites in reference to the Naxalbari insurrection conducted by radical Maoists in West Bengal in 1967. They claim to be fighting for the rights of the tribes in the forest belt around central India. That region contains deposits of minerals which are of interest to mining companies like Tata and Essar. There have been numerous human rights violations of the tribal people at the hands of government agencies. Naxals have been charged by the government of running an extortion economy in the guise of popular revolution, extorting vast amounts of money from local branches of mining companies and other businesses. They have been involved in several cases of blowing up schools and railway tracks, and accused of keeping the areas under their control away from modernity and development, so they can impose their will on the uneducated rural populace. In 2006, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh referred to the Naxalites as â€Å"the single biggest internal security challenge ever faced by our country. The Indian government, led by the United Progressive Alliance, banned the CPI (Maoist) under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) as a terrorist organisation on 22 June 2009. As of June 2010, Indian Government has identified 83 districts in 9 states as â€Å"Naxal-hit†. Currently it has presence in remote regions of Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh as well as presence in Bihar and the triba l-dominated areas in the borderlands of Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, West Bengal and Orissa. The CPI (Maoist) aims to consolidate its power in this area and establish a Compact Revolutionary Zone from which to advance the people’s war in other parts of India. A 2005 Frontline cover story called the Bhamragad Taluka, where the Madia Gond Adivasis live, the heart of the Naxalite-affected region in Maharashtra. The current general secretary of the party is Muppala Lakshmana Rao alias Ganapati. The highest decision making body of the party is its Politburo, comprising 14 (or 13) members, 6 of whom were either killed or arrested between 2007-10. Amongst those arrested, Kobad Ghandy is the senior-most member. Other arrested Politburo members include Pramod Mishra, Ashutosh Tudu and Amitabha Bagchi. Cherukuri Rajkumar alias Azad, the spokesperson for the party, who was gunned down in Andhra Pradesh was another Politburo member. Prashant Bose alias Kishan-da, Mallojula Koteswara Rao alias Kishenji and Katakam Sudarshan alias Anand are the three prominent members of its Politburo. Kishenji and Anand currently head the Eastern Regional Bureau and the Central Regional Bureau of the party respectively. The Central Committee of the party, which takes command from the Politburo and passes on the information to its members, comprises 32 members. The party hierarchy consists of the Regional Bureaus, which look after two or three states, the State Committees, the Zonal Committees, the District Committees and the dalams (armed squads). The military wings of the respective organisations, People’s Liberation Guerrilla Army (military wing of MCCI) and People’s Guerrilla Army (military wing of PW), were also merged.

Think Of One Person Who Has Been The Biggest Influence To You

Think Of One Person Who Has Been The Biggest Influence To You Free Online Research Papers Think Of One Person Who Has Been The Biggest Influence To You The person that I must say has had the biggest influence in my life is my mother. She has always been in my corner and by my side. She has taught me that if I want something in life I must work hard to achieve it because no one is giving anything in this life. I can recall a time when I was growing up where she was working two jobs because her and my father had split up and having seven kids to feed. One job just wouldn’t do. My mother refused to get on Public Assistance because she said they would be constantly probing her life so she did not need that kind of headache.She would go to work early then come home very late my grandmother would be there with us, watching us until we were old enough to watch ourselves. But the only thing that I remember was that no matter what we needed my grandmother was always there for us – like a back up mother. When we had special events in school she would always life up my life just being there despite of her overtime schedule. My mother’s words she always told us were â€Å" They can work me to death, but my babies always come first.† Then there were always Sundays, which was my favorite because straight after church we went to the park church shoes and all. This woman I call my mother is a strong churchwoman with high values, which she gracefully passed down to my children and me. I’m very proud of that woman. Research Papers on Think Of One Person Who Has Been The Biggest Influence To YouPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMind TravelHip-Hop is ArtThe Spring and AutumnThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Fifth HorsemanEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCapital PunishmentPETSTEL analysis of IndiaWhere Wild and West Meet

How to Become a Bestselling Author Get on a Bestseller List

How to Become a Bestselling Author Get on a Bestseller List How to Become a Bestselling Author Get on a Bestseller List We know its your dream.Its almost every authors dreamto become a bestselling author- to have your name on a list indicating that people wanted to buy your book more than all the other books.It sounds great, right? But theres more to becoming a bestselling author than simply writing and publishing a book.There are steps you need to take both when writing your book and during the publishing process that will make the difference between landing yourself on a bestseller list and hardly selling books.As a bestselling author of 6 books, Ive got some tips to help you become one, too.Heres how to become a bestselling author:Decide which Bestseller list you want to be onWrite an amazing bookBuild your author platformMarket your book ASAPDecide between traditional or self-publishingBuild a launch teamCreate a strong launch planBecome a bestselling authorNOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Self-Publishing Prog ram- where we teach our students to become Amazon bestselling authors in 90 days!Learn more about it hereWhat is a bestseller list?A bestseller list is created by different publications indicating and recognizing the top selling books of a given time period in any given number of places.I think youve all heard of the New York Times Bestsellers list. This is by far the most popular list, but there are many other types of bestseller lists out there today.Types of bestseller listsNot all besteller lists are the same. Like I mentioned above, the New York Times Bestsellers list is among the most popular, but any publication can craft their own version of a bestseller list.And that means you, as an author, have more opportunitites than just one to become a bestselling author.After all, the term is bestselling author not just New York Times bestselling author.These are the most popular bestseller lists you can land on:New York Times Bestsellers ListPublishers Weekly Bestsellers ListAmazon Bestsellers ListUSA Today Bestsellers ListThe Wallstreet Journal Bestseller ListAre bestseller lists a lie?I cant continue with this blog post without touching on the controversary surrounding bestseller lists- espeically the New York Times bestseller list (but all of them are like this).Most of the bestseller lists you know about or hear about arent exactly all theyre cracked up to be.Ill explainWhen we hear or see the term bestseller list we automatically think that it encompasses all the books who had the most sales.Thats what best seller technically translates to.Theres only one problem.Bestseller lists (like the New York Times bestseller list) choose their own criteria for what constitutes a best seller and they dont only rely on book sales.For example, most lists only take into account the number of book sales in a very specific time period and from very specific places- and most of them dont count online book sales the same as in-store sales.What does this mean for you and yo ur desire to be on a bestseller list?While bestseller lists arent exactly a lie, they dont paint the whole picture. Someone who sells a lot of books right at launch and then nothing for a while can still make the New York Times bestseller listeven though they might sell far fewer books than someone else who just didnt have as many sales at once.Essentially, it means that becoming a New York Times bestseller is a great goal to have, but it doesnt mean that your book is any better than the millions of others out there.That being said, many of us love the title of becoming a bestseller, so Im here to walk you through how to do that in the way that makes the most sense for you.Benefits of being a bestselling authorEven if most of the popular bestseller lists arent necessarily fair, there are still some perks to becoming a bestselling author.Here are some benefits of landing your name on a bestseller list:The title. Theres really nothing that has quite as satisfying of a ring to it as be stselling author does. It makes you feel good and rightfully so! Its an accomplishment no matter how it happened and the confidence boost alone is enough of a reason to work hard to reach that goal.The credibility. People just take bestselling authors more seriously. Because theres some sort of proof that your book sold more, people think that means its better. When they feel that way about you being a bestselling author, theyre far more likely to respect you, your book, and anything else you put in front of them- like a business.It helps you sell more books. Just like I mentioned above, being a bestselling author increases credibility. That means people will buy your book simply because it has that title- even if theyre not quite sure who you are or whats in your book. Its a simple way to increase your book sales.Its easier to sell future books. Once you hit bestseller status once, you can then add that title to your future books. Because of the same reason I mentioned in the point above, people are more likely to buy your book because the public perceived a bestseller status as an indicator of a good book.You can charge more for non-author gigs. This includes if you want to be a speaker or any other side business connected to your book. Because you have that bestseller status, you can charge more.How to become a bestselling authorIf your heart is set on becoming a bestselling author and reaping all the rewards associated with it, we can help you get thereNo matter if you want to become a New York Times bestselling author or an Amazon bestselling author, weve got you covered.#1 Decide which bestseller list you want to get onThis will ultimately define which path you follow to get published.Our list above details a couple bestseller lists you can aim to get on, or you can shoot for all of them if youre really ambitious.Here at Self-Publishing School, we teach our students how to excel in becoming Amazon bestselling authors in order to gain authority, increase your books rankings on the #1 platform for book sales in the world, and ultimately, sell more of their books.Its up to you to determine if you want to get on one, two, or even all of the bestseller lists available.#2 Write an amazing bookObviously, your book is important. While there is a lot of strategy involved in becoming a bestselling author, you do have to write a book worthy of selling.Heres how you can write an amazing book:Decide if you want to write fiction or nonfiction. Both types of books can land on their respective bestseller list. This is a fairly easy decision- just go with the first idea you have.Come up with a book idea. This can be made a lot easier with a list of writing prompts like this one right here. Remember that you have to be passionate about your book because if youre not, your readers will be able to tell. No bestseller banner will save you from negative reviews.Outline your book. One of the best ways Ive learned how to write a good book is to outline it. When you know where youre going, everything in between is easier to write, and that means you can focus on writing with quality.Write your book. It may take time, but if you follow our process for writing a quality book, you will be proud to have it out into the world. Keep our tips in mind throughout the process and youll write a better book, faster. #3 Build an author platformThis should happen before you write your book- or during it, if you just decided you want to become an author at all, let alone a bestselling author.What is an author platform?Your platform is your audience. In order to sell your book and on a consistent basis (which is key if you want to be a full-time author), people need to:know you exist andthat youre writing books for them to read.In order to do this, you have to be present on social media, have an author website, and market yourself as an author regularly.Where you spend your most time and how you go about that marketing will depend on what type o f book youre writing and who your audience.As an example, if your intended audience is an older generation between the ages of 45-60, theyre more likely to be on Facebook than other social platforms simply because those are Facebooks deomgraphics.Here are the demographics for social platforms so you can determine where youll focus your efforts:Facebook: 54% female, 46% male, 65% between 50-64 years oldTwitter: 24% women, 23% men, 40% between 18-29 years oldInstagram: 39% women, 30% men, 72% between 13-17 years oldPinterest: 41% women, 16% men, 34% between 40-49 years oldUsing these numbers, you can get a better idea of where you should start building up your author platform first.#4 Market your book NOWYes, before its even done.If you start on your author platform like I mentioned above, you can start marketing by simply creating social posts, videos, and more content related to your book and its contents.Here are some ideas for marketing your book before its done:Create social pos ts with tips and tricks related to your books contentsUpdate your followers on your books progressTalk about the process of writing a bookVoice your challenges with the writing or content itselfCreate countdown posts when it gets closer to time to launchEngage with your followers by asking them to comment below- and then have conversations with themReach out for interviews about you and your bookWe have more tips for marketing your book right here that will help you grow your following and get your books name out here.#5 Decide to pursue self-publishing or traditional publishingThis is where your earlier decision of which bestseller list you want to be on comes into play.If your goal is to become a New York Times bestselling author (which isnt all its cracked up to be, but you do you), youll have to go the traditional publishing route and commit to spending a couple years mostly waiting. However, if you want to become an Amazon bestselling author, that achievement is right around t he corner.Ultimately, you have to decide which is best for you, traditional or self-publishing?Here are some of the main differences to help you decide:What You GetSelf-PublishingTraditional PublishingSole control of your book's outcomeâÅ"“XSole control of your book's rightsâÅ"“XControl over the storyâÅ"“XControl over the coverâÅ"“X100% of royaltiesâÅ"“XEditing includedXâÅ"“Cover designXâÅ"“MarketingXXDeadlinesXâÅ"“#6 Build a large launch teamAnd make it a good one.If your goal is to hit bestseller numbers on the first week of your launch, you need a large and dedicated launch team to help make it happen.What is a launch team?A launch team is a group of people dedicated to helping you launch your book. They read it, review it on Amazon and other platforms, and participate in promotional activities.Heres what to look for in a good launch team:Theyre actually interested in your book.Theyre motivated and enthusiasticThey participate in promotional tacticsThey o ffer new promotional methodsThey have a moderate sized audience of their ownTheyve been on a launch team beforeYour launch team will be an integral part of whether or not you become a bestselling author- keep that in mind when recruiting volunteers.#7 Create a solid launch planWe have a very specific process for launching your book to become an Amazon bestseller.These tactics may not work for if you want to be a NYTs Bestseller. But they will get you that coveted orange #1 Bestseller banner on Amazon, which has relatively the same perks.Heres the launch plan we recommend (and you can read the full method right here):Price your book for maximum salesHost a soft launch and nail down your complete launch strategyGet book reviews from your launch teamReach out to book promotion sites for both paid and free promoStick to a minimalistic launch planAgain, our full book launch guide can be found right here for you to set up your book launch on Amazon in order to become a bestseller.#8 Beco me a bestsellerIf only it was that simple.This last step should really be something along the lines of mess up, try again, try it all over again, and then hope and pray, and try again instead of become a bestseller.Because thats what it usually takes:Luck, the right marketing, the best launch team, and a lot of hope.But if you have a system that is proven to make you an Amazon bestseller, then its almost guaranteed.NOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Self-Publishing Program- where we teach our students to become Amazon bestselling authors in 90 days!Learn more about it hereHow many books do you have to sell to become a bestselling author?There is no set specific number of book sales needed in order to become a bestselling author. After all, it depends on how many books other authors are selling at the same time.And it also depends on the rules and criteria of that specific bestseller list.Heres a g uideline you can follow when it comes to other lists: New York Times Bestseller list: 9,000 copiesThe Wall Street Journal Bestseller list: 3,000 booksAmazon Bestseller list: this number depends on current numbers being sold in the categories you listed your book inUltimately, we here at Self-Publishing School believe becoming an Amazon bestseller is not only the most attainable goal of becoming a bestseller author, but it also grants the same rewards as the others.How to become a bestselling author in the next 90 daysIts true! We help our students become Amazon bestselling authors within 90 days.Check this out if youre curious as to how.