Legalization of Drugs Essay - 1494 Words

Legalization of Drugs Legalization of drugs has been a very controversial issue in the United States for many years. Drugs being legalized can have both advantages and disadvantages on society. On one hand, certain drugs, such as aspirin has long been used as a common medicine to many people, to cure diseases and help people with their personal problems such as headaches, toothaches, to name a few. Some people even take the drug daily as a therapy to lower the risk of heart attacks and strokes. On the other hand, legalization of all drugs could potentially lead to over use; putting the young generations at great risk due to their unawareness of the effects and damages some substances can cause. This issue becomes directly connected to the†¦show more content†¦I agree with Shapiro that the three components of addiction including drug, setting and set impact the nature of drug addiction. â€Å"Humans are social or cultural animals, not just products of their biochemistry, and this means, in part, that social norms or rules play a significant role in influencing behavior,† the author explains (Shapiro, 532). I think that if a person is in the environment that accepts drug use, that person will be more likely to use drugs by observing what is around and accepting it as a â€Å"norm.† Likewise, in the environment where people are using drugs in moderation and with limitation, that behavior will likely carry over in the individual. Shapiro explains why it is much harder to quit smoking than to stop using other drugs. He states that smokers smoke for a variety of different reasons such as to relax, handle anxiety and stress, and also as a social lubricant. Because smoking becomes intertwined with so many activities and situations, quitting smoking turns out to be a difficult change in a person’s life. That is why the pharmacology of smoking cannot be separated from its social setting. The same principle Shapiro applies to the addiction of cocaine or heroine. According to his view, the addictiveness of any drug depends on an aforementioned set, setting, and pharmacology. The highlyShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Drug Legalization1310 Words   |  6 Pages Drug decriminalization is opposed by the majority of Americans. Leaders in drug prevention, education, treatment, and law enforcement are against it, as are many political leaders. However, pro-drug advocacy groups, who support the use of drugs, are making headlines. They are influencing legislation and having a significant impact on the national policy debate in the United States. Although, pro-advocacy groups claim decriminalization of drugs will lower incarceration rates and boost the economyRead MoreDrug Legalization1579 Words   |  7 Pagesget their drug, being able to get drugs for which they re sure of the quality. Isn t it a gateway drug to harder substances? The effect of criminalization is to drive people from mild drugs to strong drugs... Crack would never have existed in my opinion if you had not had drug prohibition. It was drug prohibition- why was crack created? Because cocaine was so expensive. [Cocaine was so expensive  because of drug prohibition.] But what about the morality of legalization? It sRead MoreLegalization Of Drugs911 Words   |  4 Pages The legalization of illicit drugs has been a popular topic of debate. While there is often concern about the potential toxicity and the habits that may form, drugs are not necessarily the problem. In fact, the legalization of illicit drugs may be the answer to some of society’s problems. More drugs should be legalized because the drug is not the cause of the problem, our behavior is. Also, when compared to other substances that are legal we see the same social ills arise. If drugs were legalizedRead More Drug Legalization Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesDrug Legalization Drug legalization has become a great issue among Americans for many years, and there have also been those that try to stop that legalization. The article, â€Å"Legalizing Drugs is Not the Solution† by Gerald W. Lynch, has a good argument based on facts and incidents that have occurred from drug use. In this article a person thinks twice about what they are really doing when they use drugs, and it is clear as to why legalizing drugs would not be a logical solution As spokenRead MoreThe Benefits Of Drug Legalization853 Words   |  4 PagesIllicit Drugs Should Be Legalized Historically, legalization of drugs has been an ongoing debate for years. Drug legalization is a controversial issue in North America because of its potential effects on society. Permitting the use of drugs can undoubtedly have a significant impact on current socio-economic policies. It is essential to note that there are many benefits and consequences associated with legalizing drugs. However, the direct economic and social benefits of drug legalization clearlyRead MoreThe Legalization Of Hard Drugs1036 Words   |  5 PagesCase for the Legalization of Hard Drugs in the U.S. The issue of drug abuse is a sad reality in every community, and drug prohibition is present across the globe. Whether it is under the guise of protection of family values, or public safety, prohibition disrupts more than it maintains. Many people view drugs as a problem but they can also be viewed as a problem solver. This essay will address the socioeconomic issues with prohibition of hard drugs, and argue for their legalization. ProhibitionRead MoreDiscussing Drug Legalization1821 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Drugs are bad, mkay.† That’s what we’ve come to learn from Mr. Mackey in South Park (Ike’s Wee Wee). While that is known, what is the best way to combat drug use in society today? It is true the government is spending billions of dollars on the â€Å"War on Drugs,† but if they were to be legalized would that be replaced with money being spent on healthcare due to drug related incidents, or drug treatment programs? It is true that a large amount of crime and the prison population are drug related offendersRead MoreLegalization Of Ilicit Drugs1236 Words   |  5 PagesLegalization of Illicit Drugs The debate of the legalization of illicit drugs has been around for some time. It is a fairly wide spectrum, with two varying opinions. While one side argues that illicit drugs should be legal, the other side stick to the more conservative side of the spectrum and argues that illicit drugs should remain illegal and have no place in our modern society. This paper will attempt to side with the legalization of illicit drugs for various reasons. It will make the communityRead MoreLegalization of Drugs Essay1305 Words   |  6 Pages The current hot-topic debate about the legalization of marijuana for medical exposes the long lasting debate about the economic viability of prohibiting certain kind of drugs considered illicit. Many social costs to society are attributable to illicit drugs, along with tobacco, alcohol, and guns. In fact, each of these vices is allegedly responsible for $200 billion annual expenditure in social costs of the USA (Donohue, 2010). Interestingly, all these commo dities mentioned above have common characteristics:Read MoreAgainst The Legalization Of Drugs1671 Words   |  7 PagesAgainst the Legalization of Drugs Legalization of drugs is an increasingly hot topic in today’s society. It is one of that needs vast advancements in research and treatment for addicts to prevent the moral and legal obligations, as well as the severe health ramifications that come along with addiction of these powerful drugs. To legalize drugs would be detrimental to the family unit as well as our youth and have serious health consequences at an alarming rate. James Q. Wilson, author of, â€Å"Against

Writing Poetry Around The Age Of Twenty - 1257 Words

When I became â€Å"serious† about writing poetry around the age of fifteen, I thought it was only a matter of time before I was discovered for the genius I was. My example was Rimbaud, the visionary French poet, discovered in his teens, celebrated by the literati of his time, some of whom -- literally -- fell in love with him; one of them even shot him in a pique of passion. Rimbaud’s light burned bright, he took Paris by storm, seized his world and made it his oyster, set it on fire, and painted it red. Almost as quickly as he ascended, Rimbaud burned out. Fame and adulation wasn’t worth the price of his vision. He gave up poetry, left Paris, ran guns in Ethiopia, imported coffee, and became a legend. His works are still read today. Works of†¦show more content†¦I even had a â€Å"one-man show† in Lakewood, Ohio, in 1986 – albeit, in a booth I purchased at an art street fair. Preparing for that show killed my interest in painting, although I still have a handful of them. (Three of my paintings hang in our Brooklyn house because my wife and kids and an art framer friend thought them worthy.) There was an earth sculpture wherein I moved a pile of dirt from one location to another, an installation in a field behind a friends farmhouse made from discarded plumbing fixtures and farm machinery, and a performance art piece in a gallery in Cooperstown, NY, that featured a mime, Jacques Cousteau, and Harry Belafonte in a surrealistic dream-of-consciousness dialogue poem. If I wasn’t a genius, who was? By the end of the decade, I had a few poems in magazines, was part of the Hoboken poetry scene at Maxwell’s and Cafà © Elysian, and self-published several chapbooks of my poems under the l’etoiluna press. With a few friends, I started a writing group called the Decompositionalists – our work was decomposing rather than composing, like the society around us. (Deep, man.) The common denominator of the work I produced back then? It sucked. I was neither a genius nor a savant about to be discovered by a patron and rocketed to fame and fortune. I’d fooled myself into thinking I was what David Galenson calls a â€Å"conceptual innovator.† Would that I’dShow MoreRelatedSylvia Plath s Life And Life1209 Words   |  5 Pagesis also from one of her many poems, which were greatly influenced by her life. To learn how Plath’s life affected her writing, researchers studied main topics on her life and her works, including her early life, career, and literary works. To begin with, one of the topics that researchers studied was Plath’s early life and her family history, as events that occurred at an early age had a huge impact on the rest of her life. Sylvia Plath was eight and a half pounds when she was born on October 27,Read MoreEssay about John Keats: Amazing Poet and Hero1357 Words   |  6 Pagesdeath at the young age of twenty-five, Keatss poetry was scrutinized. If not for several profound occurrences in John Keats’s lifetime, and without the friendships that he made, he never would have been able to address the political issues at the time or find a way to release his feelings of heartbreak John Keats was born on October 31, 1795 on a small farm in London, England to Thomas and Frances Keats. He had a relatively stable early childhood, he lost his father at the age of eight when heRead MoreEssay on Kahlil Gibran941 Words   |  4 Pagesof Arabic speaking people, familiar with his writing consider him a genius of his age. However, his fame and influence was not limited to the Near East only, but far beyond these borders. His poetry has been translated into more than twenty languages. His drawings and paintings have been exhibited in the great capitals of the world and compared by Auguste Rodin to the work of William Blake. In the United States, which he made his home for the last twenty years of his life., he began to write in EnglishRead More Kahlil Gibran Essay912 Words   |  4 Pagesof Arabic speaking people, familiar with his writing consider him a genius of his age. However, his fame and influence was not limited to the Near East only, but far beyond these borders. His poetry has been translated into more than twenty languages. His drawings and paintings have been exhibited in the great capitals of the world and compared by Auguste Rodin to the work of William Blake. In the United States, which he made his home for the last twenty years of his life., he began to write in EnglishRead MoreJimmy Baca s Life And Destiny1174 Words   |  5 Pages Born in 1952 in Santa Fe of Chicano and Apache descent, Jimmy Santiago Baca was abandoned by his parents at the age of 13 years old, he got placed in an orphanage by his grandmother which he ran away from as soon as possible. He was convicted on drug charges in 1973 and has spent five years in prison. While he served prison he learned to read and began writing poetry. Jimmy Baca recaptures his life and his struggles in A Place to Stand. When Jimmy was young he saw his father go to jail, addictedRead More Poe and Morrison Transformed Jalopies into Hot Rods 1478 Words   |  6 Pagesout so cautiously by others or to forge a unique path and travel it fiercely with reckless abandon and ambition guided by extreme individuality. What is this perplexing, intangible thing we call the subconscious? And what role does it play in the writing process of a poet? In general, when given the task of defining the subconscious, the initial impulse is to provide an ordinary idea such as, â€Å"on e’s natural instinct that lies beneath the actively aware mind and its intentional thoughts†; however,Read MoreElizabeth Barrett Browning Essay1059 Words   |  5 Pagesearned their wealth from a sugar plantation in Jamaica (EXPLORING Poetry). When Elizabeth was â€Å"three years old, the family moved to Hope End in Herefordshire,, and she spent the next twenty-three years of her life in this minareted country house overlooking a lake† (Hayter). Since a young age Barrett Browning had shown significant amounts of interest in poetry and literature. By the age of four she had began reading and writing verse. â€Å"She was educated at home, and learned classic Greek, LatinRead MoreRecipe, By Janice Mirikitani And Mr. Z By M. Carl Holman1473 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Recipe† by Janice Mirikitani and â€Å"Mr.Z† by M. Carl Holman are two poems that were written twenty years apart. Even with the large year gap the two poems can be compared to one another. Poetry is the art words. Sometimes what the words say and other times how the words look on the page. Either way poetry is a beautiful thing that is greatly needed and beneficial for life. A major concept on the poetry world is the speaker. The speaker is basically the voice that the poem is supposed to be read inRead MoreCummings : The Childhood Home Of Edward Estlin Cummings1252 Words   |  6 Pageswhere he began writing, at the early age of three, with the a ssistance of his imagination and his mother, Rebecca Clarke. Rebecca encouraged young Edward to write verse and keep a journal, along with helping him record his thoughts until he was old enough to write himself. He grew up surrounded by many forms of nature, allowing his imagination to soar. His family supported him throughout his life and taught him the importance of independence and individuality. Every step of his writing process, includingRead MoreThe Life and Work of William Blake Essay601 Words   |  3 PagesCatherine Harmitage Blake (Britannica). Some say that the Blake’s were Swedenborgianism (Ward, Walter, 181). The second born out of six children, was Blake, his older brother’s name was James. In 1760 his brother John was born. In 1761 at the age of four he envisioned â€Å"Our Lord’s† Head in a window (Britannica). In 1762 his brother Richard was born, but passed away as a baby. Then in 1764 his sister and only girl were born. William was ten in 1767 when his brother, Robert

Jack Dempsey Essay Example For Students

Jack Dempsey Essay ##Jack DempseyJack Dempsey was born William Dempsey in 1895, Jack Dempsey was called the hardest puncher in the history of boxing. He started street fighting when he was 7, his power came from strong back and shoulder muscles, made from working in the copper mines and as a lumberjack. He turned pro at 19 and flattened all opposition. He was a dirty fighter, often hitting low, behind the head and after the bell. He was called the Manassa Mauler and he destroyed contender Fred Fulton in 18 seconds, then Carl Morris in 14 seconds. Sometimes he would win a fight in three men in one night. He knocked out Jess Willard in the third round to win the title in 1919, he had seven knockdowns in the first round alone. In 1921 he knocked out Georges Carpentier in the fourth round of what was called the battle of the century. In one of boxings wildest battles ever, he knocked Luis Angel Firpo in the second round. Dempsey was knocked down twice in the first round, and Firpo was knocked down seven times in the first, twice in the second. In 1926, he lost his title to Gene Tunney on a 10 round decision. The rematch ended the same way. Jack Dempsey retired, yet continued to box in exhibitions up to the age of 45. A lot of confusion is surrounding his career, since his brother also fought under the name Jack Dempsey, and Dempsey himself sometimes used the name Kid Blackie. His complete record stands at 64 wins, 6 defeats, 9 draws with 49 knockouts. he died in 1983 aged 87.Bibliographywww.yahoo.comSports and Games

Wireless Elecricity Essay Example

Wireless Elecricity Essay Niharika Sharma Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, [emailprotected] com Varun Pachauri Electronics and Communication Engineering, [emailprotected] com Wireless Electricity Abstract—The present paper intends to link several disciplines in an attempt to describe the concept of wireless electricity. Wireless transmission is useful in cases where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, unaffordable, expensive, hazardous, unwanted or impossible. A large part of the energy sent out by the generating plant must arrive at the receiver to make the system economical.Some common forms of wireless electricity transmission methods are Direct Induction followed by resonant magnetic induction, electromagnetic radiation  in the form of  microwaves  or  lasers. With this technology we can reduce power losses produced through wired lines. Different concepts and application of wireless power transmission are discussed in this paper. Introduction The definition of Wirele ss Power Transmission is: efficient transmission of electric power from one place to another through vacuum or an atmosphere without the use of wire or any other substance.Maxwells theory of electromagnetism, published in 1865 mentions electromagnetic waves moving at the speed of light, and the conclusion that light itself was just a wave. In 1886 H. Hertz performed an experiment with pulsed wireless energy transfer. . He produced an apparatus that generated and detected microwaves in the UHF region. Tesla also performed experiments in the field of pulsed wireless energy transfer in 1899. Teslas Magnifying Transmitter, an early type of Tesla Coil that measured 16 meters in diameter, could able to transmit tens of thousands of watts without wires.In present electricity generation system we waste more than half of its resources. The transmission of power without wires may be one idle alternative for electricity. Future suitable and largest application of the WPT via microwave is a Spa ce Solar Power Satellite. History of Wireless Electricity In 1864, James Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves by means of mathematical model. In 1884, John Poynting realized that the Poynting Vector would play an important role in quantifying the electromagnetic energy.In 1888, bolstered by Maxwells theory, Heinrich Hertz first succeeded in showing experimental prove of radio waves by his spark-gap radio transmitter. The prediction and prove of the radio wave in the end of 19th century was start of the wireless power. The Raytheon Company performed the first successful WPT experiment in 1963. In this experiment power was transmitted with a DC-to-DC efficiency of 13%. The Raytheon Company also demonstrated a microwave-powered helicopter in 1964. In 1975, Jet propulsion lab of NASA carried out an experiment and demonstrated the transfer of 30 kW over a distance of 1 mile.This test demonstrated the possibilities of wireless energy outside the laboratory. Rockwell Internationa l and David Sarnoff Laboratory operated in 1991 a microwave powered rover at 5. 87 GHz. Three kilowatts of energy was transmitted and 500 watts was received. In 1980s, Japanese scientists developed the MPT technologies and research. In 1983 and 1993, Matsumoto’s team carried out the first Microwave Power Transmission experiment in space. The rocket experiment was called Microwave Ionosphere Nonlinear Interaction experiment i. . MINIX in 1983 (Fig. 1) and International Space Year – Microwave Energy Transmission in Space in 1993, respectively. They focused nonlinear interaction in between intense microwave and plasmas. In this experiment, they used cooker-type 800W-2. 47GHz magnetron for microwave transmitter. New wave-wave-particle interaction phenomenon was observed in this experiment. Plasma theory and computer experiments also supported the observations. Figure 1. MINIX Rocket experiment in 1983 Technologies for Wireless ElectricityThe modern ideas are dominated by m icrowave power transmission called Solar power satellite to be built in high earth orbit to collect sunlight and convert that power into microwaves, then beamed to a very large antenna on earth, the microwaves would be converted into conventional electrical energy. A microwave transmission system consists of three essential parts: ? Electrical energy to microwave energy conversion ? Absorption antenna that collects the waves ? (Re)conversion to electrical energy Figure 2. Microwave transmitter and rectennaThe microwave source consists of a microwave oven magnetron with electronics to control the output energy. The output microwave energy ranges from 50 W to 200 W at 2. 45 GHz. A coaxial cable connects the output of the microwave source to coax-to-waveguide adapter. This adapter is connected to a waveguide ferrite circulator which protects the microwave source from reflected energy. The circulator is connected to a tuning waveguide to match the waveguide impedance to the antenna inpu t impedance. The slotted waveguide antenna consists of 8 wave guide sections with 8 slots per section.These 64 slots radiate the energy uniformly through free space to the rectenna. The slotted waveguide antenna is ideal for energy of its high aperture efficiency (;gt;95%) and high power handling capability. A rectifying antenna called a rectenna receives the transmitted energy and converts the microwave power to direct current (DC) power. This rectenna consists of 6 rows of dipoles antennas where 8 dipoles belong to each row. Every row is connected to a rectifying circuit which consists of low pass filters and a rectifier. The rectifier is a Ga As Schottky barrier diode i. . impedance matched to the dipoles by a low pass filter. The 6 rectifying diodes are connected to light bulbs for indicating that the energy is received. The light bulbs also dissipated the received energy. This rectenna has a 25% collection and conversion efficiency, but rectennas have been tested with more than 90% efficiency at 2. 45 GHz. Another possibility is to use highly efficient fibre lasers for wireless energy transmission where the possibilities are similar to microwaves concept but lasers emit energy at frequencies much higher than microwave.For several years NASA, ENTECH, and UAH have been working on various aspects of collection of the laser radiation and conversion to electrical energy for laser wireless energy transmission. Figure 3. Two optical forms of wireless antenna formed of search light beam-ionised atmospheric stream Applications of Wireless Electricity Wireless Power for Space Solar Satellites * The largest application for microwave power transmission is Space Solar Power satellites. In this application, solar energy is captured in space and converted into electricity.The electricity is converted into microwaves and transmitted to the earth. The microwave energy will be captured with antennas and converted into electricity. NASA is still investigating the possibilit ies of solar power satellites. Main problem is the high investment cost due to the space transport. The current rates on the Space Shuttle run between $7,000 and $11,000 per kg of transported material. * Table. 1-Parameters for transmiting antenna for sps system * Figure. 4. Space Solar Power Satellite Power Supply for Rural AreasWireless power can be an option for power supply to rural areas. In 1993, a project presented about wireless power supply in Alaska. Because of limited infrastructure, numbers of small rural communities in Alaska must provide their own electricity. These systems can be expensive or just not available. At the moment, the small communities produce their own power with mostly diesel engines. These produce so noise and pollution. Also the required fuel has to be transported over long distances. This results in an electricity price in excess of $40/kWh.In Alaska cable connections through water is no alternative because of ice. With the help of WPT, the required power production of the communities can be combined. It can reduce noise, pollution and transportation of fuel. WPT may be capable of transmitting electrical power to Alaska’s remote villages. To investigate these possibilities, a project was conducted named Alaska21†. System used for the project consisted of a 2. 46 GHz phased array design. The distances should be bridged are between 1 and 15 miles. Figure. 5. Alaska’21 * V.Merits of Wireless Electricity An electrical distribution system, based on this method would eliminate the need for the costly and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would also reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and rid the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers. There are areas of the world where the need for electrical energy exists, yet there is no method for delivering energy. Africa is in need of energy to run pumps to tap into the vast resources of water under the Sa hara Desert.Rural areas, such as those in China, require the electrical energy necessary to bring them into the 20th century and to equal standing with western nations. The wireless transmission will solve most of above problems. The electrical power can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance, so there will be no transmission and distribution loss. Figure 6. An office using wireless electricity Demerits of Wireless Electricity A common criticism of the wireless power system is regarding its possible biological effects.Calculating the circulating reactive power, it was found that the frequency is small and such a frequency is very biologically compatible. A general perception that microwaves are harmful has been a major obstacle for the acceptance of power transmission with microwaves. One major concern is that the long-term exposure to low levels of microwaves might be unsafe and even could cause cancer. Conclusion The transmission of energy without wi res is not a theory or a mere possibility, it is now a reality. The electrical power can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance.Many researchers have established in numerous observations and experiments qualitative and quantitative. It is clear that wireless power transmission systems in the range of 100 W to 100 kW to cannot compete with traditional systems just looking at the costs. At those places where economic competition is not the prime consideration, it can be an option. Microwave wireless energy transmission can supply energy to those places that are difficult to reach. Especially small communities in rural areas could be supplied with power using wireless power transmission.The problems of a possible lack of energy during the next fifty or hundred years could be solved by the Space Solar Power Station. The system would reduce the cost of electrical power used by the consumer and get rid of the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towe rs. It has negligible drawbacks like reactive power which was found insignificant and biologically compatible. References James O. McSpadden, â€Å" Wireless Power Transmission Demonstration†, Texas Aamp;M University, June, 1997. Elvina Finzi, Carlo Lombardi, and Leopold Summerer. A lunar IPWR: A pre-feasibility study. In IAC 2006, volume IAC-06- D2. 8. , Valencia, Spain, Oct. 2006. IAF. Thomas W. Benson, â€Å"Wireless transmission of power now possible†, News Letter, pp1118 – 9, March, 1920. Charych Arthur (Setauket, NY), â€Å"System and method for wireless electrical power transmission†, Patent No. 6,798,716, September 28, 2004. Joe T. Howell, et. al, â€Å"Advanced receiver / converter experiments for laser wireless power transmission†5th. Wireless transmission conference, pp 1-8, Garanda, Spain, 2004. Nikola Tesla, â€Å"The true wireless†, Electrical Experiment, May, 1919. Toby Grotz,† Wireless transmission of power†, Cour tesy of the Tesla BBS at 719 486-2775, August 28, 1990.Cheney, Margaret (1999), Tesla Master of Lightning. Health and safety issues for microwave power transmission, John M. Osepchuk, Solar energy Vol. 56, 1996 The results of NASA Fresh look at the feasibility of Space Solar Power, John C. Mankins, 1997. Nicola Tesla. The transmission of electrical energy without wires. Electrical World and Engineer, March 1905. Sang, L. C. K. , A. Celeste, and J-D. L. S. Luk, â€Å"A Point-to-Point Terrestrial Wireless Power Transportation Using an Injection-Locked Magnetron Array†, Proc. of Millennium Conference on Antennas amp; Propagation, 2000, p. 87 Tahir, I. , A. Dexter, and R. Carter, â€Å"Phase Locked magnetrons by use of their pushing characteristics†, Proc. of Sixth International Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC2005, 2005, pp. 65-68 Shinohara, N. , T. Mitani, and H. Matsumoto, â€Å"Development of Phase and Amplitude Controlled Magnetron†, Proc. of Sixth Internatio nal Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC2005, 2005,pp. 61-64 Shinohara, N. , H. Matsumoto, and K. Hashimoto, â€Å"Phase-Controlled Magnetron Developmentfor SPORTS : Space Power Radio Transmission System†, The Radio Science Bulletin, No. 310, Sep. 2004, pp. 9-35 Granatstein, V. L. , P. K. Parker, and C. M. Armstrong, â€Å"Scanning the Technology: Vacuum Electronics at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century,† Proc. IEEE, vol. 87, 1999, pp. 702–716 Heider, S. , â€Å"The Commercial Space TWTA Market Review and Trends†, Proc. of 1997 ESA Workshop, 1997, pp. 63-68 Sivan, L. , â€Å"Microwave Tube Transmitters – Microwave Technology Series 9-â€Å", Chapman amp; Hall, 1994 Matsumoto, H. , â€Å"Research on Solar Power Station and Microwave Power Transmission in Japan : Review and Perspectives†, IEEE Microwave Magazine, December 2002, pp. 36-45 Wireless Elecricity Essay Example Wireless Elecricity Essay Niharika Sharma Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, [emailprotected] com Varun Pachauri Electronics and Communication Engineering, [emailprotected] com Wireless Electricity Abstract—The present paper intends to link several disciplines in an attempt to describe the concept of wireless electricity. Wireless transmission is useful in cases where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, unaffordable, expensive, hazardous, unwanted or impossible. A large part of the energy sent out by the generating plant must arrive at the receiver to make the system economical.Some common forms of wireless electricity transmission methods are Direct Induction followed by resonant magnetic induction, electromagnetic radiation  in the form of  microwaves  or  lasers. With this technology we can reduce power losses produced through wired lines. Different concepts and application of wireless power transmission are discussed in this paper. Introduction The definition of Wirele ss Power Transmission is: efficient transmission of electric power from one place to another through vacuum or an atmosphere without the use of wire or any other substance.Maxwells theory of electromagnetism, published in 1865 mentions electromagnetic waves moving at the speed of light, and the conclusion that light itself was just a wave. In 1886 H. Hertz performed an experiment with pulsed wireless energy transfer. . He produced an apparatus that generated and detected microwaves in the UHF region. Tesla also performed experiments in the field of pulsed wireless energy transfer in 1899. Teslas Magnifying Transmitter, an early type of Tesla Coil that measured 16 meters in diameter, could able to transmit tens of thousands of watts without wires.In present electricity generation system we waste more than half of its resources. The transmission of power without wires may be one idle alternative for electricity. Future suitable and largest application of the WPT via microwave is a Spa ce Solar Power Satellite. History of Wireless Electricity In 1864, James Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves by means of mathematical model. In 1884, John Poynting realized that the Poynting Vector would play an important role in quantifying the electromagnetic energy.In 1888, bolstered by Maxwells theory, Heinrich Hertz first succeeded in showing experimental prove of radio waves by his spark-gap radio transmitter. The prediction and prove of the radio wave in the end of 19th century was start of the wireless power. The Raytheon Company performed the first successful WPT experiment in 1963. In this experiment power was transmitted with a DC-to-DC efficiency of 13%. The Raytheon Company also demonstrated a microwave-powered helicopter in 1964. In 1975, Jet propulsion lab of NASA carried out an experiment and demonstrated the transfer of 30 kW over a distance of 1 mile.This test demonstrated the possibilities of wireless energy outside the laboratory. Rockwell Internationa l and David Sarnoff Laboratory operated in 1991 a microwave powered rover at 5. 87 GHz. Three kilowatts of energy was transmitted and 500 watts was received. In 1980s, Japanese scientists developed the MPT technologies and research. In 1983 and 1993, Matsumoto’s team carried out the first Microwave Power Transmission experiment in space. The rocket experiment was called Microwave Ionosphere Nonlinear Interaction experiment i. . MINIX in 1983 (Fig. 1) and International Space Year – Microwave Energy Transmission in Space in 1993, respectively. They focused nonlinear interaction in between intense microwave and plasmas. In this experiment, they used cooker-type 800W-2. 47GHz magnetron for microwave transmitter. New wave-wave-particle interaction phenomenon was observed in this experiment. Plasma theory and computer experiments also supported the observations. Figure 1. MINIX Rocket experiment in 1983 Technologies for Wireless ElectricityThe modern ideas are dominated by m icrowave power transmission called Solar power satellite to be built in high earth orbit to collect sunlight and convert that power into microwaves, then beamed to a very large antenna on earth, the microwaves would be converted into conventional electrical energy. A microwave transmission system consists of three essential parts: ? Electrical energy to microwave energy conversion ? Absorption antenna that collects the waves ? (Re)conversion to electrical energy Figure 2. Microwave transmitter and rectennaThe microwave source consists of a microwave oven magnetron with electronics to control the output energy. The output microwave energy ranges from 50 W to 200 W at 2. 45 GHz. A coaxial cable connects the output of the microwave source to coax-to-waveguide adapter. This adapter is connected to a waveguide ferrite circulator which protects the microwave source from reflected energy. The circulator is connected to a tuning waveguide to match the waveguide impedance to the antenna inpu t impedance. The slotted waveguide antenna consists of 8 wave guide sections with 8 slots per section.These 64 slots radiate the energy uniformly through free space to the rectenna. The slotted waveguide antenna is ideal for energy of its high aperture efficiency (;gt;95%) and high power handling capability. A rectifying antenna called a rectenna receives the transmitted energy and converts the microwave power to direct current (DC) power. This rectenna consists of 6 rows of dipoles antennas where 8 dipoles belong to each row. Every row is connected to a rectifying circuit which consists of low pass filters and a rectifier. The rectifier is a Ga As Schottky barrier diode i. . impedance matched to the dipoles by a low pass filter. The 6 rectifying diodes are connected to light bulbs for indicating that the energy is received. The light bulbs also dissipated the received energy. This rectenna has a 25% collection and conversion efficiency, but rectennas have been tested with more than 90% efficiency at 2. 45 GHz. Another possibility is to use highly efficient fibre lasers for wireless energy transmission where the possibilities are similar to microwaves concept but lasers emit energy at frequencies much higher than microwave.For several years NASA, ENTECH, and UAH have been working on various aspects of collection of the laser radiation and conversion to electrical energy for laser wireless energy transmission. Figure 3. Two optical forms of wireless antenna formed of search light beam-ionised atmospheric stream Applications of Wireless Electricity Wireless Power for Space Solar Satellites * The largest application for microwave power transmission is Space Solar Power satellites. In this application, solar energy is captured in space and converted into electricity.The electricity is converted into microwaves and transmitted to the earth. The microwave energy will be captured with antennas and converted into electricity. NASA is still investigating the possibilit ies of solar power satellites. Main problem is the high investment cost due to the space transport. The current rates on the Space Shuttle run between $7,000 and $11,000 per kg of transported material. * Table. 1-Parameters for transmiting antenna for sps system * Figure. 4. Space Solar Power Satellite Power Supply for Rural AreasWireless power can be an option for power supply to rural areas. In 1993, a project presented about wireless power supply in Alaska. Because of limited infrastructure, numbers of small rural communities in Alaska must provide their own electricity. These systems can be expensive or just not available. At the moment, the small communities produce their own power with mostly diesel engines. These produce so noise and pollution. Also the required fuel has to be transported over long distances. This results in an electricity price in excess of $40/kWh.In Alaska cable connections through water is no alternative because of ice. With the help of WPT, the required power production of the communities can be combined. It can reduce noise, pollution and transportation of fuel. WPT may be capable of transmitting electrical power to Alaska’s remote villages. To investigate these possibilities, a project was conducted named Alaska21†. System used for the project consisted of a 2. 46 GHz phased array design. The distances should be bridged are between 1 and 15 miles. Figure. 5. Alaska’21 * V.Merits of Wireless Electricity An electrical distribution system, based on this method would eliminate the need for the costly and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would also reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and rid the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers. There are areas of the world where the need for electrical energy exists, yet there is no method for delivering energy. Africa is in need of energy to run pumps to tap into the vast resources of water under the Sa hara Desert.Rural areas, such as those in China, require the electrical energy necessary to bring them into the 20th century and to equal standing with western nations. The wireless transmission will solve most of above problems. The electrical power can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance, so there will be no transmission and distribution loss. Figure 6. An office using wireless electricity Demerits of Wireless Electricity A common criticism of the wireless power system is regarding its possible biological effects.Calculating the circulating reactive power, it was found that the frequency is small and such a frequency is very biologically compatible. A general perception that microwaves are harmful has been a major obstacle for the acceptance of power transmission with microwaves. One major concern is that the long-term exposure to low levels of microwaves might be unsafe and even could cause cancer. Conclusion The transmission of energy without wi res is not a theory or a mere possibility, it is now a reality. The electrical power can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance.Many researchers have established in numerous observations and experiments qualitative and quantitative. It is clear that wireless power transmission systems in the range of 100 W to 100 kW to cannot compete with traditional systems just looking at the costs. At those places where economic competition is not the prime consideration, it can be an option. Microwave wireless energy transmission can supply energy to those places that are difficult to reach. Especially small communities in rural areas could be supplied with power using wireless power transmission.The problems of a possible lack of energy during the next fifty or hundred years could be solved by the Space Solar Power Station. The system would reduce the cost of electrical power used by the consumer and get rid of the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towe rs. It has negligible drawbacks like reactive power which was found insignificant and biologically compatible. References James O. McSpadden, â€Å" Wireless Power Transmission Demonstration†, Texas Aamp;M University, June, 1997. Elvina Finzi, Carlo Lombardi, and Leopold Summerer. A lunar IPWR: A pre-feasibility study. In IAC 2006, volume IAC-06- D2. 8. , Valencia, Spain, Oct. 2006. IAF. Thomas W. Benson, â€Å"Wireless transmission of power now possible†, News Letter, pp1118 – 9, March, 1920. Charych Arthur (Setauket, NY), â€Å"System and method for wireless electrical power transmission†, Patent No. 6,798,716, September 28, 2004. Joe T. Howell, et. al, â€Å"Advanced receiver / converter experiments for laser wireless power transmission†5th. Wireless transmission conference, pp 1-8, Garanda, Spain, 2004. Nikola Tesla, â€Å"The true wireless†, Electrical Experiment, May, 1919. Toby Grotz,† Wireless transmission of power†, Cour tesy of the Tesla BBS at 719 486-2775, August 28, 1990.Cheney, Margaret (1999), Tesla Master of Lightning. Health and safety issues for microwave power transmission, John M. Osepchuk, Solar energy Vol. 56, 1996 The results of NASA Fresh look at the feasibility of Space Solar Power, John C. Mankins, 1997. Nicola Tesla. The transmission of electrical energy without wires. Electrical World and Engineer, March 1905. Sang, L. C. K. , A. Celeste, and J-D. L. S. 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